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The Typology of Archaeological Cultures |
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Map 1. The
evolutionary tree of archaeological cultures (from
P. Blek: The Synthetic
Classification of Human Phenotypes and Varieties. Prague 2018, Table 8, Map p. 24) |
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The Archaeology of Prehistoric Herbivorous Plant-Gatherers and Vegetal Hoe-Cultivators (Negrids, Melanids, Amazonids, Caucasoids) |
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Oblong longhouses: rectangular collective longhouses for large families and
two-moiety Zweiklassengesellschaft rectangular longhouses for
large families Settlements:
settlements are placed in clearings of fertile valleys in rainforests Vegetarian subsistence: herbivorous nutrition and plant-gathering implying
excavation of vegetal plant roots Pebblestone
chopping tools: roots are dug up
by broken handy pebblestone choppers that may be called eoliths Indoor burials: interment under
the kitchen floor or on head-benches for sleeping or inside a village
cemetery Head-benches: sleepers use wooden head-benches for sleeping |
Matrilocal marriage: girls choose their marital partners and after the wedding they
host them at their hearth in the longhouse Marital endogamy: collective marriage prohibiting incest but celebrating
weddings with remote affiliated cousins Punaluan family: collective group marriages of young boys and girls from
opposite longhouses Matrilineal
descendancy: descent and inheritance is traced from female ancestors Dowry: inheritance is
given by collective councils of old spinster grandmothers to their
granddaughters Clothing: short fringed
grass aprons, women go out barebreasted with naked breasts Backplate: women carry vessels of water on a flat
backplate worn on the top of their
head |
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Phytototemism: belief in totem ancestors in the
reincarnation of plants, flowers, shrubs and trees Polytheism: cults of many celestial and
subterranean deities Chthonism: cults of Mother Earth and the
underworld deities (from Greek χθών (khthṓn, ground, soil) Elementalism: belief in four primordial elements:
air, earth, water and fire Naturism: belief in natural elements of the
nature (from Latin natura nature)
Hylozoism: belief in the spiritual nature of
matter (from Greek hylos matter) |
Phytomorphism: belief in postmortal transformations
into plants, shrubs and trees Manism: cults of ancestral spirits of dead
fathers (Latin manes spirit of the ancestors) Bovinism: cults of bovine deities (bulls, cows,
calves) Passionalism: worshiping martyr gods of corn, death,
sacrifice and suffering Eleotheism: worshiping female goddesses of love and
mercy (from Greek έλεος, leos mercy) Endophagism: the rite of endophagia, eating
the dead body of fathers and ancestors |
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The Archaeology of Acheulean Caucasoids and /Elamitoids |
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Flat-roof houses: collective flat-roof houses (pueblos) for large
families and two-moiety Zweiklassengesellschaft Settlements:
settlements are placed in oases and arid areas of the subtropical zone Vegetarian subsistence: herbivorous nutrition and plant-gathering economy
developed into Neolithic slash-and-burn agriculture Hand-axe
malleolithic: knapping stones (from Latin malleus, axe) for cutting trees led to
macrolihic axes used also as adzes Indoor burials: interment under
the kitchen floor or on head-benches for sleep; an alternative was burials
inside village cemetery Pithos burials: little kids are buried in pithoi jars from clay, elderly people are interred under the kitchen floor |
Tell-sites: the practices of
shifting agriculture led to burning old longhouses and heaping new ones on
their burnt brulee Matrilocal marriage: girls choose their marital partners and after the wedding they
host them at their hearth in the longhouse Marital endogamy: collective marriage contracts prohibit incest but allow
marriages with remotely affiliated cousins Matrilineal
descendancy: descent and inheritance is traced from female ancestors Dowry: inheritance is
given by collective councils of old grandmothers to their granddaughters Labyrinths: collective rites are
held in underground labyrinths, where bulls are sacrificed by a blow of labrys,
double-blade axe |
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Phytototemism: belief in totem ancestors in the
reincarnation of plants, flowers, shrubs and trees Polytheism: cults of many celestial and subterranean deities Chthonism: cults of Mother Earth and the
underworld deities (from Greek χθών (khthṓn, ground, soil) Elementalism: belief in four primordial elements:
air, earth, water and fire Naturism: belief in natural elements of the
nature (from Latin natura nature)
Hylozoism: belief in the spiritual nature of
matter (from Greek hylos matter) |
Phytomorphism: belief in postmortal transformations
into plants, shrubs and trees Manism: cults of ancestral spirits of dead
fathers (Latin manes spirit of the ancestors) Bovinism: cults of bovine deities (bulls, cows,
calves) Passionalism: worshiping martyr gods of corn, death,
sacrifice and suffering Eleotheism: worshiping female goddesses of love
and mercy (from Greek έλεος, leos mercy) Endophagism: the rite of endophagia, eating
the dead body of fathers and ancestors |
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The Archaeology of Euro-Nordid
Agriculturalists |
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Longhouse:
collective rectangular longhouses with two-slope roofs slanting down to the
ground (Gothic terp, wurt) Half-timber walls: houses are built from beams and walls joined with cross planks
that are filled by clay mixed with straw and dung Three-aisle construction: the interior resembles a Gothic cathedral with the central
living aisle for men and two side aisles for cattle Villages:
settlements are located in lowlands and valleys with the fertile alluvial
soil along the brook or water stream Vegetal subsistence: herbivorous nutrition and plant-gathering economy
developed into the Neolithic slash-and-burn agriculture Hand-axe
macrolithic: hand-axes
developed into heavy axes and adzes tied to wooden hafts for cutting trees and digging up roots Corded Ware:
the ceramic style of the Gotho-Frisian Nordids with Y-hg I1 remarkable for
corded upper rims of pots |
Endotaphy
burials: burial graves were situated inside the village cemetery around the
central elevated temple or church Reihengrber: row-grave
fields of corpses in flexed position, males lay on the right side, females on
the left Marital endogamy: collective marriage contracts prohibit incest but allow
marriages with remotely affiliated cousins Dowry: inheritance was
given by collective councils of old spinster grandmothers to their daughters
and grandchildren Battle-axes (Bootxte): macrolithic boat-shaped were applied as weapons by
Scandinavian Nordids Double-blade
axes (Cretan labrys) were applied as a sacred instrument for
sacrificing cultic bulls in undergraund labyrinths Linear Spiral
Band Ware: the Neolithic style of Langobardian Europids with Y-hg I2 and the
Danubian pottery with spiral ornaments |
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Polytheism: cults of many celestial and
subterranean deities Chthonism: cults of Mother Earth and the
underworld deities (from Greek χθών (khthṓn, ground, soil) Elementalism: belief in four primordial elements:
air, earth, water and fire Naturism: belief in natural elements of the
nature (from Latin natura nature)
Hylozoism: belief in the spiritual nature of
matter (from Greek hylos matter) |
Manism: cults of ancestral spirits of dead fathers (Latin manes spirit of the ancestors) Bovinism: cults of bovine deities (bulls, cows,
calves) Passionalism: worshiping martyr gods of corn, death,
sacrifice and suffering Eleotheism: worshiping female goddesses of love and
mercy (from Greek έλεος, leos mercy) Filial piety: cults of Chinese Confucianism expressing sons worship of
dead fathers |
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The Archaeology of Ugroid Hunters and
Scythoid Pastoralists with Kurgan Burials |
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Generations:
Swanscombe man (Clactonian), Homo heidelbergensis (Proto-Mousterian), H.
neanderthalensis (Mousterian), Epi-
Mousterians (Aterians, Solutreans,
Szeletians, Stillbay culture) and the Bronze Age megalith-builders exhibit
many cultural parallels Mammoth-hunting: their subsistence was acquired by hunting mammoths, megafauna,
big game and big mammals Lanceolithic is a recommendable term for Mousterian trimmed bifaces used as
lance-heads tied by sinews to long wooden hafts Desiccation:
according to analogies to modern Uralids and Mongolids mammoth-hunters ate
sun-dried meat without boiling Mummies:
desiccation was applied also to dead clansmen, who were wound with a long
piece of cloth as mummies
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Copular architecture: the ancient megalith-builders enjoyed copular beehive huts,
dome-shaped mosques, memorials and mausolea. They held sessions of heroes
around round tables, built circular henges for rites and round fences (kraals) or their cattle Beehive huts: abodes composed from ribs and straw, had a cupolar shape, a
low entrance and a horizontal corridor (prodromos) Kurgans: simple stone
piles on the road grew into round tombs (tholoi), mound tumuli graves,
Scottish cairns or Scythian
kurgans Mantles: the Khoekhoe
and Bechuan warriors wear leather mantles from hides tied over the left
shoulder with a clasp, while the right arm was left free for holding a
throwing the lance. |
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Theriototemism: belief in totem ancestors in the reincarnation
of mammoths and big-game mammals Monotheism: the cult of one celestial sun-god (Mazda) and one lord of the underworld (Ahriman) Oculotheism: worshiping the sun-god as a celestial
eye (Latin oculus eye) for measuring
time, magic evil-eye charms, unsighting slaves and the defeated Megalithism: using large blocks of stone for
building vaulting constructions and tombstone mounds Coercivism: challenging foreigners to fight and
bets so as to enslave them and their children Mummification rites: embalming and balsaming high
dignitaries as mummies so as to preserve them for eternity Unctioning the quick and the dead, the use of
unctions and oils for anointing and healing the body Ovotheism: legends of genesis from the World Egg
hatched by the World Duck on the World Tree
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Zoomorphism: belief in postmortal transformations into the megafauna of
big-game mammals Heliotheism: the supreme celestial god is identified with the sun Thesaurism: hoarding aneolithic and chalcolithic treasures
for producing weapons Transmigrationism: belief in the after-death
transmigration of souls into lions and feline animals Felinism: feline totemism, cats, sphinges and
other felines worshiped as tutelary spirits Leonism:
leonine totemism, the statues of sphinges and jaguars as guardians of
pyramids and hillforts Circular morphology applied to round tables, agoras as
training-grounds, rings of standing stones Globular morphology applied to amphorae, beehive huts, temples, mosques and tholoi
graves Nagualism: belief that a man can be slain by
killing his animal double-ganger or alter ego |
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The Archaeology of Uraloid hunters and
Sarmatoid herders |
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Combed ware
(Kammkeramic): Uralids made pottery with comb pit-holes,
Sibirids for similar Chulmun comb ware Egg-shaped pottery: Comb Ware applied egg-shaped, round-bottomed pots because all
being descended from the World Egg Subsistence:
Uralids and Sibirids were moose-hunters, while their Sarmatic tribesmen became
herders practicing horse-keeping Megafauna hunting: Uralids were younger branch of Ugroid mammoth-hunters, who
later turned to megafauna- or big-game hunting Foliolithic: both tribal factions originally produced Mousterian leaf-shaped trimmed
bifaces used as lance-heads on long wooden hafts Desiccation:
Uralids, Sibirid and Mongolids continued ancient customs of eating raw,
unboiled sun-dried meat or fish Mummification: desiccation was applied also to dead clansmen, who were wound
with a long piece of cloth as mummies |
Quadrangular
architecture: the
Uralic people lived in four-pitch marquee tents that later changed to
quadrangular bastioned towers Oppida:
quadrangular bastioned towers were fortified by ramparts as oppida built on
high rock promontories over rivers Atria:
oppida later became large settlements surrounded by suburbs and their
bastioned towers turned to atria and granges with central yard Tree burials: owing to the cult of the World Tree youg children were buried
in the hollow cavity of trees Scaffolding: the
adults were buried on flat nests formed on tree boughs or on artificial
scaffolding Exposition: the
original ideas was to desiccate the dead corpse and let it excarnate by exposition
to vultures on hills or vulcanoes Sledge burials: dead
grandfathers were often sent away to the underworld on sledges, skis or
chariots |
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Theriototemism: belief in totem ancestors in the
reincarnation of big-game mammals Monotheism: the cult of one celestial sun-god (Mazda) and one lord of the underworld (Ahriman) Ovotheism: legends of genesis from the World Egg
hatched by the World Duck on the World Tree
Astrotheism: myths about the ascent of a dead king
to heavens as a star and the annuciation of the descent of a baby king born
in his stead Nagualism: belief that a man can be slain by
killing his animal double-ganger or alter ego Lupinism: belief in the wolfish ancestor of all
Uralids and Sarmatids (from
Latin lupus wolf) Excarnation: defleshing the dead
body by explosing it to gluttonous vultures in the desert Exposition: burials of the dead
body by exposing it to beasts of prey on a tree or a wooden scaffold Nagualism: belief that a man can be slain by
killing his animal double-ganger or alter ego Vampyrism: the customs of bloodletting applied to
cattle or night sleepers so as to suck their blood |
Zoomorphism: belief in postmortal transformations
into big-game mammals Heliotheism: the supreme celestial god (Indra, Marduk) is identified with the sun Baptism: baptising newly-born kids by
sprinkling their forehead with sacred water
Transmigrationism: belief in the after-death
transmigration of souls into wolfish bodies Sky burials: the dead corpse is brought to a high
peak of a mountain for defleshing bones Volcano burials: the dead ancestors are exposed to
vultures on the top of volcanoes Dice divination: the bones of the dead are used for divination and for playing
dice Lycanthropy: belief in night raiders who turn into
werewolves, rape or kidnap women and suck their blood Annunciation:
Archangel Gabriels annunciation to the Holy Virgin about
her immaculate conception, the Holy Spirit appears in the reincarnation
of a feathered dove who kissed the immaculate Holy Virgin |
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The Archaeological Cultures of
Piscivorous Fishermen and Neolithic Lake-Dwellers (Pelasgids, Tungids,
Pontids, Ladogans, Karelids) |
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Leptolithic: long thin prismatic blades and knives
used as skinning knives Levalloisian: flake-tools split from a well-prepared
tortoise core without trimming Weapons: long cutting
weapons and sabres, long knives were inlaid into bone hafts Tepee
tents: circular conical tents with poles crossed into a
wreath and bound at the top Lake-dwellings,
post-dwellings and stilt-dwellings on pillars and wooden platform on a lake
or sea Roundhouses:
circular conical tents from tall poles without crossed ends: South African rondavel, Scottish and Irish crannog,
Apulian trullo, Gallician palloza,
Karelian lavvu |
Clothing:
Turkish
and Tungusic kaftan tied by a belt round the waist, drinking rhytons and
chalices out of horns stuck behind the belt, head-bands Headwear: head-bands wound
round the forehead as was typical of pirates, feather
head-bands on helmets Subsistence: nomadic
fishing, catching sweet-water fish complemented by hunting antelopes or herding sheep Food: eating
sweet-water fish, preparing mush out of ground oak acorns, planting cherry
trees, herding sheep Oval graves: low graves of oval shape, round
pit-graves, dead warriors
had a stela menhir erected nearby Ochre burials: the dead corpse
with flexed knees was sprinkled by ochre haematite dye |
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Ichthyototemism: belief in totem ancestors in the
reincarnation of fish, amphibians and reptiles Monotheism: the cult of one celestial Apollonic
sun-god and one satanic underworld god (Belzebub) Stelarism: erecting upright stelae, menhirs and
effigies in honour to prominent warriors (from Latin stela upright pillar, stele or effigy) Petrotheism: worshiping sacred stones embodying heroes
in stone alleys of menhirs (from Latin petra rock) Cataclysmism: myths about the Great Deluge, a flood,
whose survivor Noah was the first human Tengrism:
the cult of the Turkic and Mongolan sky-god Tengri,
Japanese Tenrikyo,
Polynesian Maori Tangaroa and Samoan Tagaloa; in
India they equal to Tara and Telugu Thalli, Telangana |
Ichthyomorphism: belief in postmortal transformations
into fish, amphibians and reptiles Purificationism: rites of purification in water, baths,
wells, spas, fountains or mikve Hydrotheism: baptising newly-born kids in water and
burials of the deceased in sea depths Ursinism: cults of the bear impersonated by the
Moon godess Diana/Artemis
(Latin ursus bear) Geminism: cults of twin children (Greek
Dioskuroi, Roman Gemini, Polish Lel and Polel) Anthism: Pelasgoid flower cult common in Crete,
among Polynesian seafarers and Uto-Aztecan poets (from
Greek άνθος,
anthos flower) Daphnephorism: the Pelasgic rite of the
laurel bearers, daphnephoroi, in honour of Apollos
twin Diana |
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The Prehistoric Archaeology of
Piscivorous Fishermen and Neolithic Rock-Cut Cave-Dwellers (Turanids,
Teutonids, Turcoids, Hebroids, Graecoids and Tamils) |
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Rock shelters: human abodes under
rock overhangs, in cliff crags, cliff-dwellings or artificial rock-cut caves Rock-hewn
burial caves: interment in rock-cut graves and galleries, the dead lie on a bench
in a side niche Necropoleis: large cemeteries of rockcut pit-graves and fossa pit-graves
( Waterside
settlements: cliff-dwellings in seaside crags in narrow straits, summer shelters
on post-dwellings Subsistence: fishing,
piracy, hunting reindeer and antelopes, breeding goats, money-changing, usury Microliths and micro-blades:
triangular or
trapezoid flakes inserted into bone shafts and wooden sabres Antler pics:
the horns of stags used as an instrument for cutting rock and hewing caves Tridents
and bidents used as instruments for spearing the fish Sacred wells, baths, tsenots and mikves used for purification rites Marital exogamy: men kidnap foreign brides by elopement
or pay bride price to her father Taboo:
Turanids observe strict taboos concerning eating meat from permitted or
forbidden animals |
Circumcision: the practices of circumcising young boys, eventually also
women Waterside burials: the dead corpse is thrown into a bog, marsh, sea, river or
water stream (Turcoids with R1a) Viaticium:
the dead body has a gold coin under the tongue as a fee for the
ferry-man Kharon Waterside offerings: adorers sacrifice a piece of gold by thowing it into a sacred
lake, well or tsenot Pointed-bottom pottery: organically tempered pots hung as a kettle or put into
pit-holes (Turcoids with R1a) Black polished pottery: black or grey ceramic vessels typical of the southern Turanids
with Y-hg R1b) Assymetric kaftan wound right with a belt Turban: a
piece of cloth wound round the head Turkish sit:
the Shivaist custom of sitting on crossed legs Patrilocal marriage: the warrior abducts a foreign bride and makes her live in his
fathers camp Patrilineal descent and descendance: warriors inherit the riches of their
fathers |
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Ichthyototemism: belief in totem ancestors in the
reincarnation of fish, amphibians and reptiles Monotheism: the cult of one celestial Apollonic
sun-god and one satanic underworld god (Belzebub) Petrotheism: worshiping the sacred rock (Kaaba in
Mecca) as a supreme divinity (Latin petra rock) Petroglyphism: creating magic rock paintings in caves
or carvings on cliffs Cataclysmism: myths about the Great Deluge, a flood,
whose survivor Noah was the first human Tengrism: the cult of the Turkic and Mongolan
sky-god Tengri, Japanese Tenrikyo, Polynesian Maori Tangaroa and Samoan Tagaloa; in India they equal
to Tamil Tara and Telugu Thalli or Telangana |
Ichthyomorphism: belief in postmortal transformations
into fish, amphibians and reptiles Purificationism: rites of purification in water, baths,
wells, spas, fountains or mikve Hydrotheism: baptising newly-born kids in water and
burials of the deceased in sea depths Transmigrationism: belief in the after-death
transmigration of souls into bodies of animals Hepatomancy: divination from animal livers and
drawing roentgen images with intestines Circumventism: the rites of circumventing sacred rocks and walking around
their foothills Phallic cults: applying phallomorphous pillars as
milestones |
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The Archaeology of Prehistoric
Omnivorous Lappids and the Ancient Plebs of Craftsmen |
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Semi-dugout dwellings: semidugouts, fogous, zemlyanki, burdeis, earth lodges Lean-to huts: lean-to shelters,
semisubterranean houses with one-slope or two-slope lean-to roofs Ecotype:
settlements are placed in clearings of thick rain-forests, nomadic
foraging in mountainous woods Suburban ecotype: after fusing with civilised townsmen Lappids became itinerant
people and settled as craftsmen in the suburbs Saunas: Lapplanders and
American Athapaskans built saunas and sweathouses, where they threw hot
stones into water Omnivorous subsistence: omnivorous and insectivorous subsistence,
honey-eaters, nomadic strandlopers Pyrolithic: pyrolithic is
a tentative term for throwing hot stones into water so as to boil food in
pots and depressions Blowpipes: birds
and small mammals are shot by bamboo blowpipes with poisoned
arrows |
Incineration: incineration
and cremation burials, the dead were burnt as their smoulder would carry
their souls to heavens Widow
cremations: live widows were burnt on funeral pyres together with their dead
husbands Columbaria: cremated ashes
were put into a textile sack and hung on a tent-pole or a roadside column
(Buddhist stupa) Kit-bags: travelling
kit-bags for carrying ashes were woven out of bast or grass Industry: Gravettians used
backed leptolithic knives similar to the flake-tools of their ancestors among
the Somal Galla tribes Poisons: Lappids go
mushrooming, eat mushrooms and use toadstools for poisoning their arrows Clothing: Lapps wear a
Russian rubashka, grass-woven sandals (laptye), while women are
clad in white like the folktale Snow White Bumpkin: males wear a
red hood with a pointed top and bumpkin that makes them look like fairy-tale
elves and coxcombs at medieval courts |
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Taoism: Chinese belief in determinism and the
lawful pursuit of the Tao the material way of life Buddhism: the Burmese and Hindu version of
Chinese Taoism and its deterministic teaching Sophistics: the Greek dialectical philosophy of
plebeian preachers and lawyers Humoralism: the Greek Hippocratic philosophy of
temperaments, somatic saps and humours
Cynicism: the Greek philosophy of plebeian
itinerant tramps Stoicism: the Greek philosophy of patient
suffering and pursuing the deterministic personal fate Peripatetism: the Greek philosophy of walking
itinerant evolutionists and systematic comparativists |
Protestantism: deterministic beliefs of plebeian
democratic leaders (Albigenses, Lutheranism) Nanotheism: belief in elfin tiny helpers assisting
in the household Tricksterism: myths and folktales about little but
smart and witty animal tricksters Cremationism: the burial rite of cremations raising
the soul to heavens Aviotheism: cult of swallows, who carry the souls
of dead fathers back to their homes (avis bird) Ventotheism: cults of four winds that carry remains
of the cremated dead to heavens (ventus wind) Janusism: sculpting two-faced or four-faced
figurines blowing the wind in four directions to heavens |
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