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The Racial Varieties of the Far East
The current state of sinology and Chinese
prehistoric studies bears much resemblance to the situation in neighbouring
parts of Eurasia. Their valuable
results are marred by prejudices surmising that cultures of prehistoric
archaeology are extinct and forever dead, so they are of no import for the
living languages and nations. Such theories of extinction believe that the
ancients departed for eternal hunting grounds and in the Middle Ages they
were replaced by several generations of newborns. In contrast to these
preconceptions, Transparenztheorie opines
that ancient official standards and monumental landmarks perished but folk
art, folk architecture and folk customs survived in residual ruins and endure
without great losses in cultural, ethnic, phonological and genetic character.
Modern languages, races, nations and religions are new hybrid formations and
as such they are not worth of systematic study. Systematic biology does not
waste much time with enquiring into our domestic mongrel pets, either. Both
fields of study scrutinise races sub species of the paleontological genera and the evolutionary past.
As a result, the racial categories of Sinids and Mongoids are full of
erroneous misnomers because they encompass all ethnic minorities that have
been merged in the melting-pot of the Chinese administrative statehood. The
most urgent goal of comparative anthropology is to reconstruct the
approximate shapes of Palaeolithic racial complexes and draw the genuine eteo-races from hidden allo-races
surviving as lice in the fur coat of the living moderns. Groups of false Sinids that arose as a result of secondary Sinisation are as follows.
Hmongid Negrids.
The racial variety of the Hmong–Mien or Miao–Yao group has to be reclassified
as Sino-Negrids because of several infallible
physiological and cultural traits. From its surrounding it diverges by
relatively high indices of nasal chamaerrhinia
amounting to values from 82.9 to 86.9. Its eastern settlements reach even
higher levels of nasal indices with broad noses ranging from 87.0 to 91.9.
Archaic linguistic survivals of Negroid heritage are not negligible,
either. They include prenasalised stops
mb-, nd-,
ng-, the SVO and NA word order,
adherence to open syllables in monosyllabic word, i.e. omitting coda
consonants and dropping final consonants or glides.
Huanghoid Khitanids. The province of North China is inhabited by
the so-called Huanghoids, who got their name after
the ‘Yellow River’ (Huang Ho).
They are fallaciously regarded as the Sinids
proper, although they share tendencies of partly Europoid
physiognomy. They gain subsistence as millet farmers settled in fertile
riverside lowlands and show Europoid rather than
Mongolic traits. They have weak cheek-bones, leptorrhine
noses and pale yellow skin colour. Their appurtenance to the Europoid axe-tool makers is evidenced in their
dolichocephalous skulls and tall statures. They must be related to the
Mesolithic immigrants of the Japanese, Korean and Chinese Jomon
culture (14,000 BC) that was remarkable for manufacturing pottery in the
European manner of the Goths’ Corded Ware. They must be associated with the Khitan tribes, and instead of Huanghoids
they should be referred to as Khitanids.
Zhuang Elamitoids.
The third class of classic Eurasian agriculturalists is represented by the Zhuang people, who profess the religious creed of Moism or Shigongism. They preach
ancestral cults paying respect to elderly fathers and expressing filial piety
to their sacred remembrance.
They also adhere to elementalism that
explains the origins of the world from the connubial intercourse between primordial elements of heaven, earth, and
water. Such superstitions unmistakably betray the alien ethnic faction of Elamitoids classified traditionally as the racial type of
Caucasoids.
Kam-Dong people. Tibetan
provinces of China
are inhabited by the ethnic group of the Kam-Dong
people, who are remarkable for building covered
bridges similar to the style common in the Toscan
neighbourhood of Florence. Their ethnic affiliation is difficult to trace back to absolute
origins.
Manchu Tungids. The dominant position in northeast China is held by the red-tasseled
Manchu. They underwent acculturation in China but descend from
Tungids and Tungusic
raiders drifting from the Siberian north. They are notable for such Mongolic
races as the flat face, slanted eyes, epicanthus,
fat eyelids, sinodonty, shovel-like incisors, and
high prominent cheekbones.
Khampas. These inhabitants of the mountainous province
of Kham in east Tibet are renowned for military skills of marksmanship and horse-riding
cavalry. Their figure is tall and robust. Their
somatic, ethnic and social traits are reminiscent of Uralids
and Sarmatids. It is vital to point out that the
western half of Mongolia displays the genetic pool of Uralids
with the Y-haplotype N and the eastern half of
Mongolia exhibits the genetic pool of Tungids with
their characteristic Y-genotype C.
Chukiangid Lappids.
The term of Sinids can be applied rightfully only
to Chukiangids, who are often regarded as the ‘South Sinid proper subvariety’. It got its name after the Chu Khang (Xi)
river in South China but it may be
related to the ethnonym of Changs
and appreciated as a genuine tribal name. Today Chukiangids
are short and mildly brachycephalic types with
slightly concave and depressed noses. They speak the language Hakka, dubbed in western literature as Cantonese. It is
spoken chiefly in the southeast province of China known as Canton, Guangdong or Kwang-tung. So Eickstedt was
right to give them the name of Kwangtungids and Bertil Lundman (1967) was
justified in efforts to term them as Kantonids.
Annamitids. The second group of genuine Sinids, who acted as forefathers of the Negrito and all Lapponoid
populations in Southeast
Asia, are Annamitids
residing in the Vietnamese province
of Annam.
They do not have the short dwarfish figure of Negrids
but show the shortest rates of height among Indochinese
peoples. Their skulls are brachycephalic and hypsicranic and their faces are very gracile.
The nose is leptorrhine and higher than in other
varieties of Sinids.
An important criterion in determining
ancient races is the issue of religion. The Chinese Sinids
tended to profess popular Taoism and their ‘Alpenoid’
Indo-Lappids reformulated its determinism in the
Indic Buddhism. Hindi incinerators tended to practise Buddhism, r-Turcoids Shivaism, s-Indo-Iranians Brahmanism and k-Dravidians
Vishnuism. These ethnic grouping were dispersed all
over the Indian subcontinent in more or less populous enclaves and in local
administration they locked in hierarchised
caste-divided societies. In North India the highest social
layer was formed by Aryas, later reincarnated as Rajputs. The Europoid Brahmans
had to content with the privileged position of upper clergy and a priestly
caste. In the Dravidian south the military hegemony ensured economic welfare
to Palaeo-Scythian cattle-breeders (Gondi, Braui, Kuvi, Toda). They introduced megalith-buildings to Sindh and Deccan provinces about 2,500
BC and applied a sort of feudal exchange of labour with local Elamitoid peasantry. Their word-stock is remarkable for
using k-plurals, whereas Elamitoid farmers developed lexical substance
characterised by b-plurals.
The
Cultural Patterns of Lappids and Pygmids
In the prehistoric past the Uralids
sent their dead out on a journey to the underworld and exposed them in the
wilderness in order to let their bones get rid of flesh by birds of prey. The
Lappids and Uralids
practiced burial rites that left no palpable after-death remains. Lapponoid races burnt their dead fathers’ remains by
cremation and deposited the ashes in sacks hanging on tent-poles along forest
paths. For palaeontologists such customs made them invisible and distorted
also the evidence of archaeological excavations. This is why their
Palaeolithic fates remain bedimmed by the thick mist of mystery. For some
authors their most probable cradle-land lies among the Bushmen in Namibia and South Africa. For others the
primordial birthplace is located in Vietnamese Annam
and the Cantonese province of China.
Sound arguments for
‘out-of-Asia theories’ point out that Southeast Asia is the native
place of Sinoid tonal languages and the short-sized
Anammite race. Its subsistence exhibits higher
rates of insectivorous alimentation and omnivorous diet. Its tribesmen lived
in nomadic circulation and lacked firm ties with land possession. About
62,000 BP their populations sailed on bark rafts throughout islands of the
Southern Seas as far as Australia and Tasmania. Their presence
was everywhere evidenced by finds of human ashes and burnt bones. Remains of
their characteristic cremation burials were discovered in a site at Lake Mungo in Australia. There is little
consensus in their periodisation, some authors
bring arguments for later origin of 32,000 years
BP. The tropical climate
and the local Melanesian neighbourhood mutated their countenance and gave
them the dark-skin shades of the Negrito ethnic
group.
The Negrito
populations in South East Asia must be considered only as
a side branch of Sinids, who got astray on their
travels all over the Sunda subcontinent. After
10,000 BP the withdrawal of glaciation warmed up
the seas, raised the sea level and flooded islands with high waters. The
cultural domain of Sinids is nowadays visible only
thanks to the unity of isolating languages of Chinese type. Anthropologists
regard them as a racial group of shorter brachycephals
with the blood group A. They pertain to the Y-DNA haplogroup
O that encompasses Indochina, Tibet, Malaysia and Korea with Japan. One of reliable
distinguishing marks of their stock are burial practices of cremation rites
although they became rarer in China and their centre
shifted to India. The most
populous wave of their propagation to Punjab was launched by
the spread of the Cemetery H culture (1800 BC). Its continuation was the
appearance of the Andronovan techno-complex with
incineration practices in south Russia around 1500 BC.
Its westward move was probably brought about by the invasion of Aryan
herdsmen into India dated to 1600
BC. The route from Burma to Punjab was brought back
to life again by the dissemination of Buddhism after 600 BC. It teaching was
associated with Chinese Taoism that professed strict lawful determinism and
preached liturgy based on incineration rites.
The mainstream of Lapponoid urnfielders
penetrated into Europe from several directions.
The northern branch of wanderers colonised the settlements of Samoyeds and Lapplanders. In due course they were assimilated by
Uralic peoples. The middle branch arrived in Central Europe and contributed
to the rise of Slavonic nations. They formed the earlier Palaeo-Slavonic
layer of settlers and their women looked like Venuses of Dolní
Věstonice. The ceramic arts of Neolithic farmers
induced them to bury the ashes in urns and resulted in the rise of hybrid
Stroked Ware cultures. A new wave arrived in the Danube basin with the
hosts of Lusatian Urnfielders
(1300 BC) famed for their burial rows of urns. Their tribesmen probably
looked like Russian muzhiks clad in shirts called rubashkas
and
lived in semisubterranean earthen houses (zemlyankas).
The southern branch of Lapponoid tribes made for the Near East and found new
homes in Africa. Their migrants were
probably identical to the Mesopotamian people with the slanting coffee-bean
eyes who spoke the reduplicative female language Eme-sal.
In Africa their wanderers underwent a long period of
acculturation that gave them the dark-skinned appearance of Pygmies and Negrillos. Their bark rafts accessed Europe from Gibraltar,
Malta, Sicily and Libya and imported a
lot of African cultural and linguistic loans. Their tribes enriched the Gravettian racial element by ethnic admixtures of African
Bantu nations. Their contributions finally resulted in the amalgamative
synthesis of Keltoid, Romance and Italic cultures
with North African roots. The final phase of their colonisations came about
1800 BC when Spain and Britain welcomed the
heralds of the Cinerary Urns. This ethnic faction assisted Basque and
Scottish landlords in their megalith-building labours. Despite their
subservient social position they later overpopulated their oppressors and
made them fuse with the wide masses of dwarfish brown-haired Keltoid, Gallic and Gaelic newcomers. Their dialects were
not intelligible to Slavs in Eastern Europe because they
were infiltrated with a lot of Africanisms.
Notwithstanding, both mainstreams of Gravettian
colonists peopled Eurasia with the new social class
of diligent plebeian workers, who excelled in manual labours and urban
crafts.
The flourish of Gravettian cultures started around 33,000 BP and united
several currents of migrants. Their arts were renowned for carving ivory
Venuses, whose distribution spread from Siberia Mal’ta
to the west ends of Spain. Their famous chef-d’œuvre was the Venus figurine of Dolní Věstonice, which
displayed the typical physiognomy of Sanid Bushwomen: a round head with short curly hair, long
hanging breasts, matronism, thick thighs (steatopygia) and lumbar lordosis.
Another infallible sign were Gravettian trapezoid
lean-to huts with one-slope roofs. Their people flooded entire Eurasia and populated
its mountainous regions with the brachycephalous Furfooz race. Its modern progeny is seen in the Lapps and
Tirolese Alpines renowned by melodic chants with yodeling. Rich evidence of ritual cremations is missing
but a convincing proof is offered ex post by their Neolithic
descendants who manufactured the Stroked Ware. The invention of pottery made
them replace sacks of cremated ashes with ceramic hut-urns and face-urns.
This dramatic change of burial customs made their urnfields
shine transparently through the settlements of Eurasian farmers. A noninterchangeable trait in their funerary urns was the
decoration full of broken meanders and key patterns. It was peculiar also to
the Lusatians, Ainu, Australian Negrito,
Athapaskans, Monte Albán
in Mexico as well as Colli Albani in Italy.
The early beginnings of the Sinids and Negritos in Southeast
Asia are hard to detect since they were
sprouting on the Sunda subcontinent that disappeared
under deep waters after interglacial warming. Nevertheless, their migratory
travels can be reconstructed in the following routes and lineages.
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The Classification of Lappids
Pygmids (Y-hg A0) → Ewe-Igbo
semi-Pygmids → Kalahari Sanids →
Congo Bambutids → Galla Ethiopids (transmutation of Y-hg A into the
more dominant haplogroup E-M78).
Galla Ethiopids →
Levant Lappids → West Anatolian Lappids → Epirotic Albanids (Y-hg E-V13) → Gravettians.
Gravettians (33,000 BP),
one-slope lean-to huts, Venuses with curly hair and Pygmoid
physiology, brachycephaly, matronism,
long breasts, lordosis → European Epi-Gravettian
(10,000 BC) → Alpines [brachycephalous Furfooz race,
7000 BC] → Stroked Ware
(hut-urns, face-urns, 4500 BC) → Serbians + Slavs
+ Lugians + Luchane + Milchane.
Lusatian culture (short-sized Lapponoids 1300 BC) → Wends +
Croatians + Czechs + Lakhs.
Gaelids →
Deverel cinerary urns (1800 BC) → (Avalon in African Mauritania) → Celtiberi → Galicians (Spain) → Veneti (Vannes, Armorica) → Gwened (Breton) → British Celts (Gaels and Albanians in
Scotland)
Annamite epicentre (first southward migrations 62,000 BC) → Sinids → Kuangids → Negritos.
Annamites → Samoyeds) →Ainu → Chukchees → Hokan
Indians (California) → Arawaks (9500 BC) → Maipurean Chiquitos.
Athapaskans: Chukchees → Na-Dene group → Athapaskans (1500
BC).
Indids [cremations burials with widows, ashes put into a
sack and hung on a tent-pole] → Hindu → Cemetery H culture (Punjab 1800 BC) → expulsion of Indids
by Aryans? → Andronovo cremation culture (Kazakhstan 1500 BC).
Colchian Albanians (Armenia, Albania): Trialeti culture (Georgia 3000 BC) → Colchis culture → Anatolian hut-urns and face-urns (Galatia?, 1700 BC) → Trojans.
Trojans → Trojan War 1186
and the abduction of Hellenes (Ionians ← *Alvaeones
+ Aeolians ← *Alvaeoles) to Greece as slaves
(Geometric Ware in the Dipylon cemetery of Athens) + Albanians (Epeiros)
→ Veneti/Heneti?
(Venice, Italy).
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Phratries
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Gauls/Gaels (kings)
– Albanians/Lapps/Alpines (priests) – Wends/Veneti/Anti
– Croats – Czechs – Lekhs – Mekhs
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Ecotype
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thick rain-forests,
nomadic foraging, clearings in mountainous woods, meagre existence as
village cottagers and urban craftsmen
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Nutrition
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omnivorous and
insectivorous subsistence, honey-eaters, nomadic strandlopers,
gathering economy of nomadic foragers
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Dwelling
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semidugouts, fogous, zemlyanki, burdeis, earth lodges, lean-to shelters, semisubterranean houses with one-slope lean-to roofs
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Cult
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worshipping deities
impersonating winds blowing to the four ends of the world, they are
represented by Janus-like statues or columns with
one body
taking care of
laws and the way of all flesh (Chinese Taoism, Indian Buddhism, Tibetan
Bon), influence of determinist Protestant movements
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Burials
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incineration and cremation
burials, live widows burnt on funeral pyres together with their dead husbands,
cremated ashes put into a textile sack and hung on a tent-pole or a
roadside column (Buddhist stupa)
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Death
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aviotheism: forefathers’
souls survives as birds and every spring they return home in the embodiment
of swallows
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Visage
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short-legged undersized
muscular stature with brachycephalous skulls,
round-headed skulls with an upturned tip of the nose, waxy yellowish skin,
infantile paedomorphic face, curly hair, hairy
body and a long beard
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Weapons
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backed leptolithic
knives, travelling kit-bags woven out of bast or
grass, blowpipes with poisoned arrows, poisoning alchemy with toadstools,
saunas and sweathouses, ‘pyrolithic’ industry
boiling food in pots and depressions by throwing hot stones into water
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Clothing
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Russian-like rubashka, grass-woven sandals (laptye), women clad in white, males wearing a
red hood with a pointed top and pumpkin, the appearance of fairy-tale elves
and coxcombs at medieval courts
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DNA
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ABO blood group A, Rh+, Y-DNA haplogroups A, B and
O, mtDNA M
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Tongues
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originally isolating
languages with reduplication, tonal prosody with phonologically relevant
tones or melodic accent, great pre-valence of monosyllabic words with open final
syllables, voiced-to-surd consonant correlation, implosive stops instead of
explosive occlusives, sucking clicks, satemism, velar and guttural consonants shifted to
palatal stops, fronting of back vowels, u → i/y,
a series of nasal vowels, the nominal category of masculine o-stems
and feminine a-stems, andronyms in -o,
gyneconyms in -a, i/e-plurals
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Table 32. The cultural paradigm of Lappids and Pygmids
Extract
from Pavel Bělíček: The Synthetic Classification of Human
Phenotypes and Varieties. The Atlas of Systematic Anthopology I, Prague 2018, ISBN 978-80-86580-51-7, pp. 95-99.
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