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Turanids:
Rock-cut Grave Cultures with Microliths
Tungusoids were
akin to the fraternal Urstamm of Turcoids or Turanids.
Both stocks favoured the waterside ecotype and lived on nomadic fishing. Their
direct descent from Raymond Dart’s osteodontoceratic
culture is difficult to prove but it appears to be a plausible hypothesis.
Beside knapped flake-tools without retouch their favourite instruments were
bones used as daggers and antlers employed as pics
or pick-axes for hewing rocks. Before 50,000 BP their earliest common
ancestors (Y DNA P-M45) may have split into Levalloisian leptolithic
cultures with long thin blades and proto-microlithic
cultures with smaller microblades. Their archaic
ancestors in marshlands alternated dry tree-dwellings in summer with abodes
in caves and under rock overhangs in cold winters. Their fishing subsistence
in waterside areas was usually supplemented by hunting small game, chiefly
deer, goats and antelopes.
The ancients knew these fishermen
and seafarers as dangerous corsairs and buccaneers living on piracy. Thanks
to annals of the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses III they
became reputed as ‘Sea Peoples’ (peuples
de la mer) consisting of several fraternal
stocks. The Pelasgoid and Tungusoid
branch included Pelasgians (Peleset)
and Danaids (Denyen),
whereas the Turcoid branch comprised the Etruscan Tyrrhenians (Tereš) and
the Sicilian Siculi (Šekeleš). They used to occupy high promontories
on opposite sides of narrow straits such as Scylla and Charybdis
and lurked here for ships of foreign seafarers. Along rocky coasts they hewed
out cliff-dwellings with vertical shafts and
horizontal corridors. Their boats did not control only the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, about 11,000 BC they colonised also the
south reaches of the Indian subcontinent.
Their Greek tribesmen
produced grey burnished pottery and were called Graikoi.
They dominated Greece in mythic times of the Helladic
Civilisation when the rule was seized by the warrior caste of the Titanids headed by their divine sovereign Kronos. In southern India their tribes were identified as
Dravidians notable for producing grey burnished pottery. After taking hold of
supremacy over maritime trade in the Indian Ocean they continued with assaults on the Malay Peninsula and the South Chinese Sea. Here they became feared as ‘pirates of
the southern seas’ inhabiting ‘stilt-houses’ and post-dwellings on seaside
beaches. From here they launched adventurous expeditions over Oceania as Polynesian voyagers.
Turcoid clan
names hint at the Altaic cults of the Father Sky Tengri,
a divine cultural hero, who assumed the role of the highest deity in
religions of Asiatic monotheism. He was said to have created the world with
the aid of his brother and antipode Erlik, who
featured as the god of evil and a notorious wrong-doer.
While Tengri taught people arts, knowledge and
morals of good virtuous behaviour, Erlik drove them
to wars, death and injustice. He earned this unenviable role as a punishment
for his hereditary sin consisting in the murder of a divine messenger. Tengri deposed him and appointed him lord of the
netherworld inhabited by souls of the dead.
Tengri’s skirmishes
with his brother resemble quarrels in the celestial family of the Polynesian
sky god Tagaro (Maori Tangaroa,
Tahitian Ta'aroa, Samoan Tagaloa). His cognomens appear in the kingdom of Tonga and derive from the ethnonym
Tung-, which is appended either by the Tungusoid suffix in -l or the Turcoid
ending in -r. The former sounds in ethnonyms
such as Tagalog, Tulu,
Telugu and Tokelauan, the latter is
perceptible in Tongarevan, Tangaroa
or Ta'aroa. Languages of Turcoid
and Tungusoid fishermen
displayed much structural symmetry but differed in the predominance of the sonants -r and -l. The Turcoid
moiety took a fancy to rhotacism with the
overabundance of r-sounds whereas the Tungusoid
moiety insisted on lambdacism with plenty of
l-sounds. Turcoid seafarers employed r-plurals,
while Tungusoid lake-dwellers retained the original
l-plurals. The former loved initial affricates dr-,
tr- with apical r-retroflexives
(cacuminals), while the latter preferred affricates dl-, tl- with laminal l-retroflexives (surd laterals), and therefore carried out
sound shifts dl → l, tl →
l.
In opposition to European languages their consonantism was based on initial voiceless tenues and medial intervocalic surd phonemes. The
alveolar sounds t, d, n, l, s,
z had retroflex counterparts ṭ, ḍ,
ṇ, ḷ, ɾ̣, ṣ, ẓ that were
pronounced as rhotic cacuminal or lateral retroflex
sounds. Their dephonologisation led to affricates tl-, dl- in Pele-Thongan
languages of East Africa,
Anatolian dialects and Uto-Aztecan tongues in North
America. High frequency of retroflex phonemes is
observed in Dravidian languages of India. Here r-cacuminals abound in Turcoid
Tamil and l-retroflex stops teem in Telugu.
Both branches shared the common ancestor
deity god Tung/Tun/Dan- but his spelling Tengri revealed Turcoid rhotacism, whereas the Polynesian divinity Tagaloa manifested Tungusoid lambdacism. The composition Tung
+ -r yielded the Altaic theonym Tengri, the ethnonym of the
Belgian tribe Tungri, and
most probably also ethnonymic names of Turks, Tyrrhenians and Etruscans. The second phratry
of Turcoids bore the name Hun-/Cum- and its
plural form in Turcoid languages sounded Hun
+ -ir → Hunnir
‘Huns’. Strabo gave a detailed
description of life in Cumae, a Cimbrian
colony of pirates near Naples. Adding the plural r-ending
to the root Hun-/Cum- gave rise to diverse names for Cimbrian tribes: Cum-/Hun- + r → Cimbri, Kimmerioi,
Kimbern, Cambrians, Cymri,
Ambrones, Umber, Northumberland. Similar
suffixation must have led to the ethnonym Tat-/Teut- + ar →
Tatar/Tartar.
The ancient Cimmerians (Greek Κιμμέριοι)
lived in Russia north
of the Caucasus and
were reckoned as Iranians. One group of historians identifies Cimbri with Celts on account of the Welsh Cymri
and the name Cambria for Wales. Strabo mentioned
a tribe Teutani settled in Campania and the Celtic Toutones,
who probably worshipped the Celtic deity Teutamus. Another group of historians
attributes the tribal name Cimbri to Teutons owing to Plutarch’s Life
of Marius. In the Battle of Aquae Sextiae Gaius Marius beat the
Germanic alliance of Cimbrii, Teutones et Ambrones, who were
supposed to have come from Jutland. Their allies were spelled Teutones or Toutones.
Tacit’s story traced the Germanic stock to three
grandsons of Mannus born to his son Tuisto. Their names Irmin, Ingvo and Istvo are said to
have divided into Herminiones (Markomani, Hermunduri,
Quadi), Ingwaeones (Jutes, Angles, Saxons, Frisians) and Istwaeones (Franks, Swabians).
A simple explanation of these
discordances is offered by archaeology revealing difference between the Maglemosian Microlithic culture
(9,000 BC) and the Ertebølle culture
(ca 5300 BC) known for producing the Corded Ware pottery. The
Germanic language family originated by fusing these two heterogeneous cultures
into one amalgam blending two components. The upper superstratum was formed by the Maglemosian
tribes Cimbrii, Teutones and Irminiones
(Germans), who manufactured microlithic
industry and bore the Y DNA haplogroup R1a. Their
original homeland lay in caves of the Trans-Caspian Kelteminar
culture, the birthplace of all Turcoid nations.
Their ethnic element infiltrated the autochthonous substratum of genuine
Indo-European tribes including the Goths (Jutes), Frisians, Angles and
Saxons. They were pure Indo-Europeans and exhibited the Y DNA haplogroups I1 and I2. They displayed the pure Nordic
physiognomy with tall robust stature and dolichocephalous skulls and buried
their dead by interment in long barrows. As a result of their mixing,
Germanic languages were mixed with a strong admixture of Turcoid
traits (r-plurals, umlaut vowels, rhotacism,
retroflexed cacu-minals, SOV word-order and N(ominative)G(enitive)) attributes. Their territories were conquered by
hordes of alien bog people with microlithic flakes,
the earliest ancestors of the Nordic Vikings and the Irish Fomoire.
Tacit’s
genealogy of Germanic nations derived their descent from the mythic forbears Mannus – Tuisto – Irmin/Hermin – Istvo. These ethnonyms occurred also in genealogies of the Natufian and Kebarian microlithic cultures in Palestine. They were recognised in the Akkadian divine trinity Tiamat
– Mummu – Apsu, in the
Egyptian triad of gods Thovt – Horus/Hermes
– Osiris and also in the Phoenician deities Taautus, Moloch and Astarte. Greek mythology acknowledged their
tribal counterparts in the Thessalian triplet Maia – Hermes
– Pan or the names of Titanids Tethys – Typhon (sea dragon) – Manes – Tartaros (the
lord of the underworld cliff-dwelling cave) – Geryon (the
ruler of a submarine cave) – Chimaira (leonine goat) – Kerberos (dog). The Germanic Mannus
and the Indian divine progenitor Manu were both described as the first people on earth
who founded the human stock. These myths indicate that they kept a subservient
position with respect to the divine giant races of Megalithic Cyclopes. The
legend about the terrific world deluge
was not known only to the Hebrews and the Kimbern
in Jutland but also to Proto-Malays and Australian aboriginal
boomerang-throwers.
The Maglemosian bog people arrived in northwest Europe through the Swiderian culture in Poland and Byelorussia and displayed
the Y DNA haplogroup R1a. Another mainstream of
colonists headed for the Near East, Central Africa and South Europe and exhibited
the Y DNA haplogroup R1b. They did not live and
bury their dead in bogs but inhabited rock-cut cliff-dwellings
and buried their deceased in artificial rock-hewn caves. According to a
plausible hypothesis their kinsfolk in the Natufian
and Kebarian microlithic
culture founded plantations of Semitic Hebroids
and Phoenician seafarers. The latter gained control of the Mediterranean
Sea and emerged in France as Magdalenian microlith cultures. Their ethnonyms
ring distinctly in the nationalities of Iberians, Eburones,
Eburovices, Hiberni and possibly also in the Greek name of
Εὐρώπη for the
European continent. The same name Európa was given
to a daughter of the Phoenician king Agenor, whose
son Cadmus conquered Thebes. Their heritage
was later taken over by the Azilian, the Sauvetterian and the Seine-Oise-Marne
culture. The latter was remarkable for hewing rock-cut burial caves and
galleries. In the Near East such burial customs were
used by the Hebrew, Nabateans and Sudanic Nubians. In Israel rock-hewn caves
were introduced by the Jewish ancestor Abraham, who founded the Cave of the
Patriarchs for his wife Sarah.
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Phratries
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Huns/Cimbri/Hebrews/Eburones
(wolf) – Kazakhs/Kassites/Cushites – Tartars/Turks/Teutons
(Tiamat - shrew) – Germans/Graikoi
(Hermes
and Horus - falcon, patrons of cultic wells tsenots that lay at the bottom of rock-cut
shafts for bringing offerings of gold)
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Ecotype
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rock cliffs on capes, high promontories towering over rivers and sea
straits, lifestyle of ‘bog people’, caves, summer tree-dwellings
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Nutrition
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hunting sea fish, maritime
piracy, seafaring, supplementary chase of antelopes, breeding goats and other ovicaprids,
later also usury and money-changing
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Abodes
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rock shelters, rock overhangs, rocky cliff-dwellings, artificial
rock-cut caves, round subterranean
towers in arid rocky areas, quadrangular pyramidal tents weighed
down by heavy stone slabs on the periphery, stilt-dwellings on sea shores
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Cult
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a totemistic cult of a wolfish ancestor, Tengrism and religion of monotheistic dualism distinguishing good and bad angels
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Burials
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interment by sinking the
corpse into a bog, pool and water depths, laying it on a bench in niches
and side-recesses of caves and in artificial shafts hewn into rocks
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Death
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faith in reincarnation,
metempsychosis in animal shape and in transmigration of souls in the animal
body, dispensing the corpse to watercourse as to make reincarnation easier
by letting predator fish gnaw away its flesh
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Visage
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dark hair, Mediterranean physiognomy, slender leptosomous constitution, residual eyes fold (epicanthus), narrow leptoprosopic
face, protruding cheekbones, small hands and feet
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Weapons
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microlithic flakes with
sharp edge laid into wooden crescent shafts
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Clothing
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Turkish kaftan, roller-bandage turban,
loin cloth dhoti from a piece of fabric, ladies’ veil hijab for concealing the face
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DNA
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ABO group B, Y DNA R1, R1a, R1b, mtDNA
H1-H39, H*
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Poetry
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nostalgic elegiac disticha and melancholic
didactic amd meditative compositions
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Tongue
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agglutination, vowel harmony, r-plurals, unvoiced obstruents, tenues-to-lenes
opposition, rhotacism, retroflexive
t/d → tr/dr →
r, alveolars had cacuminal counterparts ṭ, ḍ, ṇ, ḷ, ɾ̣, ṣ
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Table 25. The cultural
paradigm of Turcoid peoples
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The Maglemosian
bog people arrived in northwest Europe through the Swiderian culture in Poland and Byelorussia and displayed
the Y DNA haplogroup R1a. Another mainstream of
colonists headed for the Near East, Central Africa and South Europe and exhibited
the Y DNA haplogroup R1b. In the north they lived
in bogs and often also buried the dead in their depths. On the other hand,
their southern Magdalenian tribesmen inhabited rock-cut cliff-dwellings
and buried their deceased in artificial rock-hewn caves. According to a
plausible hypothesis their kinsfolk in the Natufian
and Kebarian microlithic
culture founded plantations of Semitic Hebroids
and Phoenician seafarers. The latter gained control of the Mediterranean
Sea and emerged in France as a migratory
wave of Magdalenian microlith cultures. Their ethnonyms ring distinctly in the nationalities of
Iberians, Eburones, Eburovices,
Hiberni and
possibly also in the Greek name of Εὐρώπη
for the European continent. The same name Europa
was given to a daughter of the Phoenician king Agenor,
whose son Cadmus conquered Thebes. Their heritage
was later taken over by the Azilian, the Sauvetterian and the Seine-Oise-Marne
culture.
The Semitic Hebroids abandoned fishing and maritime piracy in favour
of goat-keeping. They were accustomed to cut
artificial caves as dwellings for the quick as well as the departed dead. One
mainstream of Cushitic migrants wandered to the Horn of Africa and spread in
three currents to central and southern Africa. Map 7 shows
their propagation in hordes of the Tschitolian, Nachikufan, Eburran, Matopan and Wilton cultures. Their
descendants survived as the Herero and Tutsi
pastoralists and the Rwanda people
remarkable for languages with rhotacism. The
etymology of the African continent is explained from the expression αφρίκη, aphrike based on the Phoenician term Afar
referring in the plural to the land of Afri. The Tutsi tribes openly
endorse their Israeli descent.
Cultural customs of the northern Maglemosian and southern Magdalenian stream show many
conspicuous coincidences. The Germanic divine forefather
Irmin/Hirmin must have been akin to the Greek god
Hermes, the patron of messengers and goat-breeding herdsmen because both of
them were venerated by worshipping phallomorphous
idols. Hermes was formally adopted into Zeus’ family as a stepson owing to
his liaison with Maia. In Egypt he was venerated
as Horus, son of Thovt/Thoth
and Eset. His tribal religion adored phallomorphous effigies hermai
(ἑρμαῖ), statues
of Hermes depicted with a pronounced head and a phallus. Ancient Greeks used
them as termini or boundary stones, which links them with milestones
erected by the king Hammurappi in Babel. He must have
been of Cimmerian origin since his code of law passed an enactment ordering
to build phallic milestones on frontiers of the kingdom. His name alluded to Kimmerians and so did the biblical city Gomorrah that won ill
repute for practices of sodomy. The association of Cimmerians with the
Germanic Kimbern, Teutons
and Herminiones is confirmed by finds of the
statue idols called Irminsul. They looked
like tree trunks towering in open plains and worshipped by pagan priests. Tacitus’ Germania mentioned them
as ‘Pillars of Hercules’ in Frisia.
Hercules was venerated by the Dorians as their
predecessor and cultural hero.
Microlith
cultures drifted also to the east and became widespread in Dravidian and
Assamese India. The German ethnologist Robert Heine-Geldern
studied Chinese chronicles and adopted their division into Protomalayen and Deuteromalayen. The former preserved the typical
lifestyle of cannibal head-hunters in New Guinea, painters of
roentgen drawings in caves of Austronesia and boomerang
makers in eastern Australia. Their origin is
not clear but they may be associated with the culture of rough microblades that arrived in India about 70,000 BP.
Their ethnicity may be identified with hunters from the darker backward
tribes Urali and the group Veddah
in Sri Lanka. They lived in
caves over cold winters but in summer they resorted to tree-dwellings. The Deutero-Malays were not their direct descendants since
they departed from Central Asia about 11,000 BC. Their
stock includes Dravidians, Tamils, Khmers, Mons and Dayaks,
who cultivated civilised techniques of fishing, knapping microliths,
grinding by grindstones and milling by querns. In the Neolithic they added
producing dark grey polished pottery and grazing herds of goats. The
Dravidian Tamils arrived from the west and belonged to another plantation.
Their chief god was Shiva sculpted by stone plastics in the position of the
Turkish sit. Archaeologists map their spread in sites of the Grey Burnished
Ware (11,000 BC) reaching as far as the Malay Peninsula.
Robert Heine-Geldern’s
distinction between Proto-Malays and Deutero-Malays
should be transplanted on the opposition of Proto-Turcoids
(R*-M173), Deutero-Turcoids (R1a, R1b) and Trito-Turcoids
(R2-M124). The Proto-Turcoids produced wooden
boomerang-like throwing knives and drew roentgen drawings because they
confessed Etruscan hepatomancy and iatromancy divination. Their shamans resembled Etruscan haruspices in prophesying from animal livers and other
entrails. Further colonisation waves started travels from the Trans-Caspian
heartland, too. Their northern branches separated as the Y haplogroup R1a-M420 of the Maglemosian
bog people and reindeer hunters. They abandoned caves and built either
pyramidal tents surrounded by a veneering of stone slates and later
rectangular wooden log-cabins. Their due projections
into funeral architecture led to Polish Cist-Graves cultures of Epi-Swiderian provenience remarkable for slate lining or
Timber-Grave cultures spread north along the Ural. Their Neolithic
descendants manufactured plant-tempered pottery with beet-like pointed-base
bottoms. Its geographic distribution spanned from Belgium to the Afanasievo culture near Lake Baikal in Siberia. Transient
stations on their travels were the Dnieper-Donets
and Bug-Dniester culture in the Ukraine, the Swiderian in Poland, the Ertebølle complex in Denmark and the Roucedour culture in Southwest
France. Their ethnic identity is determined by the terms Teutons, Teutonids or Cimbroids.
Map 4. The distribution of Y DNA haplogroup
R1-M173 (Eupedia)
The southern branch (R1b-M343) turned up
as the Magdalenian culture marching to France. Its people also
descended from the Turcoid homeland in Kyrgyzstan and around the Altai Mountains but differed
from their northern brothers by rock shelters and dwellings in artificial
rock-hewn caves. All Turanids were waterside people
searching for settlements on rivers and lakes, yet some tribesmen embedded in
dry arid areas. As a result, their mainstream reduced fishing subsistence and
passed to hunting antelopes and later to breeding goats. They had to do with
Semitic shepherds in the Near East, who were
affiliated with the Hebrew and Nabateans. So their convenient catchword might be something like Hebroids. The Semitic Akkadians,
ancient Hebrew priests and Hammurabi’s Babylonian
dynasty wore turbans but their languages preserved few remains of the Turcoid family because of the dominant position of Levalloiso-Mousterian ethnic element in the Palaeolithic
Levant. Semitic rock-cut caves and burial chambers betrayed close
relationship with the Oise-Marne-Seine in Western Europe and Magdalenian
ancestry.
One of their Microlithic stocks was known to Herodot
as the Erythrean Ichthyophagi
(Fish-of Eaters), who lived on maritime fishing, seafaring and piracy. Their
heritage was transplanted to the Mediterranean Phoenicians, who took over
their seafaring and piratical trade. Owing to Punic havens in North Africa, the groups of
their Mediterranean colonies may be referred to as Punoids.
Their forefathers lived in cliff-dwellings hewn in
seaside crags situated on narrow straits. They lurked for lonely ships of
sailors and swooped on their crew as buccaneers. Strabo
described such Cimbrian settlements at the Italian
town Cumae and the ancient
Greek denoted them as Isthmos Kimmerikos. Their names
identified them as Tauri, Tyrsenes, Cimbri or Kimmerii along several
migratory routes:
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Punoids →
Phoenicians → Mediterranean, Erythrean
and Ethiopian Ichthyophagi
→ Etruscans
→ Tartessians
→ Turdulians,
Etruscans (Tyrrhenians, Tuscī or Etruscī) → Calabrians → Siculi,
Phoenicians
→ Cypriotes → Lycians →
Carthaginian Punics,
Hebroids → Nabateans
→ Nubians → Cushites → Capsians → Kabyles,
Graecoids →
Thracians → Siculi (Szeklel in Bukovina) → Gemer → Turiec → Silesia → Hercynia (Thuringia
+ Harz),
Turones (Gallia) → Tarusates →
Taurini.
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Extract from Pavel Bělíček: The Atlas of Systematic
Anthropology I. The
Synthetic Classification of Human Phenotypes and Varieties. Prague 2018, pp. 79-84
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