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Ancient Greek Races Click on names of human varieties
(with yellow background) and read about their
decomposition into ethnic subgroups Notice traditional fallacies and preconceptions concerning the traditional misleading categories of human races Clickable terms are red on yellow background |
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The Tribes and
Races of Ancient (from Pavel
Bělíček: The Analytic Survey of European
Anthropology, Prague 2018, Map 45, p. 151) |
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The Ethnic Classification of Greeks
In popular
superstitions as well as in traditional linguistic studies Greeks are considered
as an independent offshoot of the Indo-European family. Comparative grammar
believes that about 3000 BC it split off as a domain of Proto-Greek or
Hellenic in the southern Balkans. The chief argument confirming the purported
ethnic unity of Greek is seen in the cultural integrity of myths and legends.1 Only few adherents of linguistic
glottochronology such as R. Gray and Q. Atkinson propose hypotheses of
an Anatolian Graeco-Armenian family. Apart of such
attempts Greeks are standardly treated as one
compact ethnic group with several synonymous denominations. Their most common
name Greeks (Greek Graikoi) is generally
identified with the alternative catch-word Hellenes (Greek Έλληνες) but their ethnic labels collide with conventions
of Homeric ethnonymy. In his Iliad and Odyssey Homer refers to Trojan heroes as Achaeans (Ἀχαιοί, Akhaioí) and only once he
mentions Panhellenes (Πανέλληνες)
and Hellenes. With moderate frequency he called his own
countrymen also Argives (Greek Argeioi
‘inhabitants of In
times when The crucial
difficulty obviously consists in the ethnic diversity of the earliest Greek
inhabitants. The Pelasgian Sea Peoples (les peuples de la mer)6 had a brotherly moiety of Danaans. The tribal moieties of Argives
and Mycenaeans are surmised to have derived their ethnonyms from a Mycenaean loanword for megalithic castle
fortifications built by Cyclopes between 1600 and 1300 BC. Their etymology is
probably paralleled by Anatolian Mysians and Ugarites, who represented the two main brotherly phratries of megalithic tumulus cultures and showed their
remote Ugro-Scythian origin. Such ethnonymic pairs crop up also in the names of other
megalith-builders such as Abkhaz, Basques, Scots
and mythic ‘ogres’. Most
ancient tribes exhibited a long-term existence lasting for ages and evidenced
tribal identity by their ethnonymy. As their ethnonyms showed incredible stability, they cannot be
explained by Max Müller’s aetiologism
and simple natural ad hoc etymologies. Pelasgian
and Dorian were originally non-Greek foreign languages absorbed by the Greek
cultural medium and secondarily Hellenised into Greek dialects. Julius Pokorny derived the etymology of Dorian from Classic
Greeks called themselves Hellenes because their ethnic element won in
competition with other tribal minorities. They won in social struggles thanks
to the process of demotisation perceptible in Periclean A plausible solution of
the Greek ethnic crux was foreseen by Aristotle3.
He sought the cradle of Hellenes in the region |
Table 45. The
interdisciplinary transitions of evolutionary categories in Ancient The subcategorisation
of Greek ethnicities Table 45 sketches ethnic interrelations in the general framework
of Greek cultural studies. The dominant ethnicity was represented by the
short-sized Hellenic Alpinids with brachycephalous skulls and cremation rituals. They formed
the peaceful plebeian race of Hellenes that exhibited short-sized Lapponoid countenance with broad round heads, short legs
and concave noses. They had nothing to do with the Dorian militant
slave-holders or the proud aristocratic Achaeans residing in unconquerable
castles. The Illyrian myths about the descent of Achaeans and Dorians from Hellenes could reflect only their local
social prevalence in The Ancient
Greek society was composed of several heterogeneous components and their
analytic decomposition has to start from the earliest Palaeolithic
beginnings. Table 46 sketches a handy ethnic typology tracing Greek
plantations back to the Neolithic peasantry and autochthonous prehistoric
plant-gatherers. Their Eleusinian mysteries had
much to do with Minoan cults in
Table 46. The
cultural typology of Greek tribes |
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Greek Divine Genealogies
In ancient Greek legends the first
celestial divinities were Aether, Uranos, Cronos and Zeus. Their
divine family started from Chaos, who gave birth to Erebos
(Underworld) and Nyx (Night). Their son was Aether, Αἰθήρ,
who is interpreted as ‘air’ or ‘upper sky’ lying over the air ἀήρ. “From
Chaos came forth Erebus and black Night; but of
Night were born Aether and Day, whom she conceived
and bare from union in love with Erebus.”1 Aether had
his own cults and seems to be the first real ethnic reference to the Boeotian mythical Hektones,
who were dubbed and erroneously nicknamed Hecatoncheires (Hundred-Handed Ones). In some
myths Aether’s took to wife the ‘wide-bosomed’ Gaia or Γῆ (Earth), a Greek
equivalent of the Roman Terra. They represented the first generation of gods
corresponding to the Egyptian couple Nut (Sky) and Geb
(Earth). Such cults of Mother Earth indicated the primordial role of
Neolithic farmers associated with the advent of Anatolian tribes to In his
Works and Days Hesiod collected fragmentary
popular myths into a connected chronology that served as a germ for
beginnings of Greek historiography. Its backbone introduced periodisation into epochs of the Golden and Silver Age.
In his account Gaia bare her son Uranos (starry Heaven), who symbolised the Bronze Age. He
was hated as a procreator of the evil Cyclopes. They made weapons out of
alloys of copper with tin and flooded Cronos fell in love with his sister Rhea, took her to
wife, and they together bare their son Zeus. When Zeus was a little boy, Rhea
hid him away from Cronos lest he were abused by his
father. Zeus contrived against Cronos and kicked up
a riot that ended with jailing Cronos in Tartarus. Their conflict was described in the lost epic Titanomachia composed by Eumelus
of Corinth. At first Zeus’ government in Olympos provided flowering
designated as the Silver Age (argirón génos) but later among people there arose discontent
and riots that were punished by the Ogygian Deluge. Such family quarrels contained a lot of
fabled superstitions but mixed with grains of historical truth. They were
described as events that occurred in the royal dynasty reigning on Olympos. It served as a sacred mount with cultic groves
visited by pilgrims on ritual occasions. It acted as the seat of Greek
Pantheon worshipped by the Anatolian peasants. It intermingled all Greek
deities into a personal union and one large family of in-laws although it was
clear that they descended from different clans, ethnic factions and racial
minorities. Like all royal dynasties they closed exogamous marriage contracts
with opposite tribes in order to befriend them as allies. In mythological
optics all legendary heroes were depicted as giants because they were seen
from the dwarfish perspective of short-sized Hellenes. In fact, among
these tribal groups there were permanent cruel wars raging. Epic poetry
reported their course as civil rebellions of Theomachy,
Gigantomachy and Titanomachy. Their accidents bore
resemblance to customs ruling in Hebroid countries
of the
Table 47. The subcategorisation of Ancient Greek cultural and mythological cycles |
The real historical background of such
motifs must be reconstructed by turning aside familial skirmishes and
focusing on tribal groups. The first autochthones in ancient The spelling Hecatoncheires evidently arose as a false popular
contortion of the correct spelling Hektones.
Popular fantasies depicted them as giant monsters instead of conveying the
veritable communication that they lived in collective longhouses inhabited by
a great families with as many as a hundred relatives, as it was common among
the Neolithic Linear Ware farmers. They must have looked like Danubian Nordids and amazing
notices concerning their giant or gigantic figure mirrored only the fact that
the Neolithic farmers were tall dolichocephals of
robust and strong figure. So it was no wonder that neighbours described them
as three giants of great strength. Hesiod’s
Theogony maintained that Uranos
was conceived by Gaia alone,1 but
other sources reported that his real father was Aether. 2 The etymology
of Gyges stemmed from the compound ‘earth-born’.
Some Classic and Hellenistic pictures and statuettes depicted Gigantes as chthonic earth-born creatures that
crept out of volcanoes or other holes in the earth and had snakes instead of
legs. As seen in the Minoan figurines of a snake goddess with the crown of
hair swarming with snakes, serpents symbolised subterrestrial
servants of the Mother Earth. Neolithic peasantry revered serpents as their
tribal totemistic symbols and chthonic tutelary
spirits. “Archaic and Classical representations show Gigantes
as man-sized hoplites (heavily armed ancient Greek foot
soldiers) fully human in form.”3
Hoplites were middle-class farmers, who did not possess horses, so they had
to fight with common foot soldiers. Myths
about Gigantomachia left many unclarities
but looked like legends about peasants’ rebellions waging a civil war against
the oppression of Olympian gods. Some authors made it clear that Gigantes revolted against Titanids and took part in Titanomachia.
Other notices suggest that they were born from drops of blood falling
down to the earth after the castration of Uranos.
The general impression implies that their tribal deities were Aether, Zeus, Demeter and Persephone. At last the giants’
revolt was vanquished and their dead bodies were buries under volcanoes. The first alien invaders of ancient Cyclopes
intimidated their neighbours as robust one-eyed giants indulging in building
large megalith constructions called
‘Cyclopean stones’ and ‘Cyclopean wallstones’. Their
architecture was remarkable for drystone walls,
copula-shaped roofs and vaulted ceilings. In An additional criterion of ethnic
classification may be found in residual consonantal nominal stems and plurals
(Table 48). Ancient Greek nouns had Sarmatoid t/d-stems,
Abkhazo-Median m/nk/k-stems,
Turcoid r-stems, Lydian l-stems and
Hellenic o-stems with i/oi-plurals.
Such stems predefine their classification. GREEKS ® k-Cyclopes + i-Hellenes + r-Dorians + l-Pelasgians l-Pelasgians ® Paeones, Pelasgiotes + Danaïdes +
Karoi + Leleges r-Dorians ® Doroi, Tauroi + Kimmerioi +
Greeks, Geryones
k-Cyclopes ® Thracians + Bessoi, Mysioi, Mosxoi
i-Hellenes ® Galatians, Hellenes + Ionoi (< *Jav/Alban) + Aeolians Aetolians (<
*Ant) Table 48. Greek ethnicities classified by stems and plural
endings |
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The Cimbroid Graecians
Greek myths assume that the earliest autochthones
of In ancient Sextus
Africanus found out that people in The Bronze Age archaeology of
ancient Graecoids. Irrespective of
how close the relation of Minyans to the Graikoi might be, the cultural morphology of Minyans in the Early Helladic period exhibited strong
similarity to Natufian sites in Titanids. Such
differentiation affected also microlithic cultures
and Turcoid tribes in the Middle East. Their
mainstream remained faithful to fishing economy and aggregated into the core
of the Sea Peoples in the Mediterranean waters. Their earliest ancestors were
probably the Ichthyophagi, who caught fish
on the coasts of the Red Sea and Iranian Gedrosia.
Their descendants became seafaring pirates (Phoenicians, Punics,
Etruscans), mastered secrets of metallurgy and accumulated immense treasures
of gold by robbing sails of honest merchants. The bad repute of feared
buccaneers, who live on maritime piracy, adorned especially the tribes of
Phoenicians, Etruscans, Cretan Dorians, Cydonians, Lycians and Cilicians. Thanks to the custom of hoarding treasures of
silver and gold, they later evolved into the influential social class of
merchants, bankers, usurers and urban patricians. The Greek Titanids
must have been their remote relatives, because Poseidon was a Titanid holding control over the oceans. Their fishing
techniques did not use angling but Poseidon’s trident fishspear resemblant to the
three-pronged fishing spear leister of Germanic Teutons.
This manner of fishing suggests consanguinity with the northern bog-people
with pointed-bottom pottery and the Y-haplogroup
R1a. Their affinity to the Red Sea Ichthyophagi
lack convincing proofs because the latter are usually depicted with
single-pronged fishing spears. The Turcoid
native cradleland lay somewhere in the Altai Mountains
and its Microlithic industry came into being as a
side splinter of the Denisovan Leptolithic
flake-tools cultivated by ancestors of Tungusoid
fishers. The race of Turanids took to living in
rock shelters in caves or under rock overhangs and fishing in Trans-Caspian
marshlands. Greek Graecians and Dorians
originally made their living by herding. The former were Graecoids,
who sprang from Hebrew drylanders with burnished
ware and Y-haplogroup R1b. |
Cimbrians (microlithic ware, goat herding, round stone towers and
semicircular horseshoe apsidas, grey burnished ware
in imitation of metallic bowls, sickles inlaid with microlith
blades, water wells and tsenotes with
hoards, three-pronged fishing spear, Poseidon’s trident, Germanic Teutons’ leister, fallic
cults, terminal milestones hermai,
artificial pederasty, abusing page-boys for fellation. Graecoids (round stone
towers, horseshoe apsidas, grey burnished ware), ▪ Titans (< Typhon,
Taautus, Teutones) [Thessaly, Mount Othrys, Mount Sipylus], Iapetids, Atlantids, Hyperionides (< Cimbrians?), ten-year Titanomachy
on Mount Othrys. ▪ Graecians (Γραικοί) in Boeotia, Epirus and Thessaly, Ogygians, Thebans, Minyans [Boeotia, Orchomenus, Lemnos, Amycles, Thera], ▪ Dorians [Doris, Sparta in Laconia, eastern Crete], Heracleidae (Heracleids),
▪ Cydonians (< Cydon, son of Hermes, Chanians
[northwestern Crete], Lemnians,
Rutuli (king Turnus,
Juturna, goddess of fountains, Fontus,
god of wells) [Latium], Etruscans-Tyrrhēnioi), (Latin Mercurius
= Etruscan Turms), Hermeides
(< Hermes) [Arcadia, Mount Cyllene,
Cyprus, Cilicia], the Harpies (Iris, Celaeno), Cypriotes (< Cimbrians),
Arcado-Cypriotes, caduceus (kerykeion),
phallic statuettes, milestones hermai. ▪ Geryonides (cliff-dwellers,
pirates, submarine caves, shaft graves), deities Typhon
(Τυφών, Typhaeus), Lernaean Hydra [Lycia, Mount Etna], Chimaera
(< Greek χίμαρος
‘she-goat’) [Corinth, Lycia, Cilicia],
Gorgon, Scylla [Lipari Islands, Isthmia,
Corinth, Bosphorus Strait]. Table 50. A classification of Greek Cimbroids The Early Helladic population lived in
circular stone houses reminiscent of round houses in Jericho. In Orchomenos archaeologists dug out a site with round
houses that dated back to the Early Bronze Age (2800-1900 BC). They were
built as stone towers amounting to two to six meters in diameter. In later
time they formed apsidal chambers. They were constructed like early Christian
churches with a semicircular or horseshoe-shaped apsida
for the altar or the saint patron’s icon. The apsida
(Greek αψις, hapsis, Latin apsis)
is actually a circular niche or a horseshoe exedra formed by a hollowing in
the wall for laying aside some precious valuables. It had also a round or
semicircular ceiling called conch (Greek konché).
The population of Ancient Greece consisted of two ethnicities
descending from Mesolithic microlith cultures, the
Dorian and Graecoid drylanders
and the sea people of Titanids headed by Cronos and Poseidon. The former branch developed from the
Kebaran and Natufian Microlithic in the Levant but underwent a metamorphosis
due to the impact of the Tabunian culture with the
prevalence of Semitic and Armenoid types with
aquiline nasal profiles. Owing to their influence The Natufian
settlers began to build horseshoe-shaped
towers with growing out of subterrestrial understructure. This style reappeared in the Greek Early Helladic I period (EHI)
and its excavations denoted as ‘Eutresis culture’. At the site of Korakou
it was characterized by horseshoe-shaped
towers and burnished or red slipped pottery. Natufians represented a Levantine mutation of microlith cultures peculiar to Hebroids
and Hebrew people. The dominant racial types in Greece are denotable as Graecoids derived from the Helladic I and Levantine Hebroids. Extract from
Pavel
Bělíček: The Analytic Survey of European
Anthropology, Prague 2018, pp. 145-155. |
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