Short-sized brachycephals appeared in Europe as late newcomers stemming from the Gravettian colonisation (33,000 BP). Their tribesmen arrived in Europe either from Africa or from Southeast Asia. Eastern Europe was partly Slavinised by Andronovans and Colchians drifting from India and the Cantonese province in China. The African mainstream of Gravettians paved it way from the Galla region in Somaliland and via Levantine Galilee and western Anatolia to the Balkans. Judging from the vast distribution in occupied territories all over Eurasia, their hosts must have been very populous. Nevertheless, their racial element was detected only sporadically in the Furfooz and Ofnet brachycephals. Their skeletal finds are quite rare because of lack of interment burials due to cremation rites.

The migrants from the Black Sea were registered by Jan Czekanowski1 (1929) and Ilsa Schwidetzky2 (1935) as members of the Pre Slavic race. Anthropologists classify Slavs as the East-European type of Subnordids, which is true providing that we acknowledge that they infiltrated Gothoid Nordic autochthons from without as a race of Lappids. Their ethnic settlements became archaeologically visible as late as the Neolithic era when they mixed with the Danubian Linear Ware. Neolithic pottery enabled them to deposit cremated ashes in ceramic urns and emerge as the Stroked Ware culture (4500 BC). Minor groups of Lappids settled in Epirotic Albania after invading Mediterranean coasts from Libya and Aegean islands. A small grouping of colonists reached Spain from Mauritania as ancestors of the British Gaels. Gravettian colonies had eked out in Europe until they experienced a series of Neolithic survivals. The first revival made them known as the Stroked Ware culture. The second hopeful awakening came with the spread of Lusatian Urnfielders with hut-urns and face-urns.

Macro-Slavs (Macro-Slavonic family) = the domain of all Slavoid tribes in the area of Eastern Europe

Eteo-Slavs = genuine Sub-Nordic Lappids including all eastern shorter-sized brachycephals

Peri-Slavs = the union of foreign tribes influenced by Slavoids (Cossacks, Polonids, Moesids, Ukrainians)

Allo-Slavs = pseudo-Slavs and all non-Lapponoid tribes assimilated secondarily into the Slavonic family

Exo-Slavs = genuine Slavs departed from homeland and absorbed by alien domains (Polabians, Wends)

Endo-Slavs = the inner phratries and moieties of genuine Slavs (Croats, Czechs, Lechites)

Gravettians (33,000 BP) → Furfooz brachycephals + Ofnet brachycephals

Gravettian → Epi-Gravetian (21,000 – 10,000 BP) + Mediterranean Tardigravettian + Stroked Ware

Stroked Ware (4500 BC) → the assimilated Tardigravettians visualised by ceramic urns of the Linear Ware

Eteo-Slavs = Palaeo-Slavids (Serbids) + Neo-Slavids (Croatids) + Andronovans (Ants, Indids)

Palaeo-Slavids = Serbids comprising remains of the Neolithic Stroked Ware (4500 BC)

Palaeo-Slavids = Serbids → Slované, Sclaveni, Serbians, Lugians

Neo-Slavids = Croatids, who imported the culture of Lusatian Urnfielders (1200 BC) from the Balkans

Neo-Slavids = Croatids → Croatians, Czechs, Lechites

Table 1. The ethnonymic composition of Slavic tribes

For disentangling the knot of Celtic and Slavic ethnonymy it is necessary to turn heed away from the geographic realms of the present-day families and concentrate only on parallels in their cultural typology. Table 51 tries to give the category of Slavs and Slavids a clear formal delimitation. Their core lies in short-sized and small-headed brachycephalic Eteo-Slavs with longer arms and concave upturned noses. The rest of Slavs falls into the vague synchronic concept of Macro-Slavs arisen thanks to secondary Slavonisation. It forms a misleading category blending genuine Eteo-Slavs with Allo-Slavs. Most of them live on its periphery as Peri-Slavs, who were secondarily Slavonised in their teritorial domain. On the other hand, the class of Macro-Slavs does not include Exo-Slavs, who were genuine Slavs but got astray in foreign families. They were de-Slavonised and absorbed as weaker minority in neighbouring Non-Slavic countries. Ethnonyms in Table 52 demonstrate different degrees of satemisation and palatalisation that took place independently in various world’s ends.

Most Slavs, Alpinids and Lappids descended from Southeast Asia but spoke different languages because they spent a long time in various linguistic areas. They did not carry their word stock from India as permanent equipment, wherever they came, they adopted the spoken standard of autochthonous denizens. They did not expel them violently as occupants but infiltrated peacefully into their cultural unity. In Central and Eastern Europe they Indo-Europeanised their identity by accepting the lexical substance of the vernacular dominant Gothoid dialects. Genuine Gothids and Gothonids, who came from Anatolia, distinguished only neutral nominal i-stems with animate and inanimate gender. The Slavic contribution to the IE nominal morphology consisted in adding masculine o-stems and feminine a-stems. Their opposition probably arose in India and from here it was transplanted also into European, Chadic and Nigerian tonal languages. In Hausa nouns with endings in -a are feminines and nouns with endings in -o are masculines. Resemblance to the Latin paradigm servus – servi is accomplished by plurals endings in -i: Sg. F. hanya, Pl. hanyoyi ‘roads’.1 Western Alpinids and eastern Slavs enriched Indo-European by importing masculine and feminine nouns and appropriating the vernacular lexical substance with i-stems, u-stems, r-stems and t-stems. When they accepted foreign words, their adopted sound shifts expressing their own phonological character. These changes implied palatalisation, satemisation, assibilating s-affrication, fronting back vowels, adding nasal vowels and tonal prosody.

	Gal-/Sal-	Alb-/Lap-	Serb/Horv-	Wend-	Chek-	Sam-
Gravettians	Slavs, Slověne		Serbs	Wends
Lapps Samoyeds	Galindai	Lapps		Enets		Saami Samoyed
Slavs	Golędĭ, Goladj Sclaveni, Slovaks		Arvati	Antes Vyatichi	Czechs Čechové	Zemlyane Samogitians
Polabians	Golensizi Hevelli	Polabians	Sorbs
Balkan	Slovenes		Hrvat Croats Serbs		Chakavians Šokci
Iran China		Albania Albazians	Horoathos
Gallia	Gauls, Celtae Salassi	Leponti Laevi, Albici	Arvii	Veneti Venelli
Italy	Galli	Albanenses		Heneti
Hispania	Celtici, Gallaeci		Seurb
Britain	Gaels	Albania Albion, Eblani		Venicones Vinedas
Albanids	Hellenes	Albania			Tsakones

Table 2. The survey of Celtic and Slavic endo-tribes and their principal phratries

Various Lapponoid ethnicities shared such phonological tendencies although they were scattered as enclaves in various families. Their ethnic identity was enclosed in a similar partitioning of tribal phratries but its regional variations betrayed origin from different colonisations. Gaelic, Gallic and Albanian pronunciation exhibits a lot of Africanisms, while Slavic phonology demonstrates Anatolian influences. The Saamic and Samoyedic family underwent a specific Siberian acculturation under the influence of Ural-Altaic languages. Their common ancestor seems to be hidden in Hindustani, which looks like a disseminator of most masculine-feminine gender systems in Eurasian Lapponoid and African Semi-Pygmic languages.

The primary cradleland of all Lappids probably lay in the area of Sanids with the lingual click consonantism, the blood group A and the Y-haplogroup A. The secondary homeland was in Canton and Annam prominent as a centre of the Y-haplogroup O. The Asiatic genome O of Sinids and Negrito arose as a hybrid derivate of NO in contact with Altaic and Uralic races. The third important centre of Lappids was created in Europe, whose Lappic colonies united tribes with the Y-haplogroup E. Its origin may be due to the superposition of A or O by the Bantu Negroid haplotype E.

Lappids ® Alpines (Furfooz tace) È Gravettians È Lusatians È Gaelids: short undersized stocky stature, short extremities, short round brachycephalous skull, cranial index more than 80, nasal mesorrhinia, low broader concave, upturned nose, waxy complexion, type of middle grade of white skin, dark curly hair, light chestnut hair colour, broad round forehead, broad chin. Their stock descended from Gallian, Tyrolese and Balkanian Alpines of the brachycephalous Furfooz race, who arrived with Gravettian cultures with plastic statuettes of graceful curly Venuses about 33,000 BC.

· Gallic Alpinoids. The mainstream of Gravettians (26,000 BC) must have scattered via the Lower Egypt, the Levant and Anatolia and its linguistic outfit was sifted by passages through oriental civilisations. It imported features of Q-Celtic phonology with the Bantoid phonemes kw-, gw, bw-, dw- that aroused the shifts of Q-Celtic languages. Their nominal morphology rests on the correlation of masculine o-stems and feminine a-stems. Their influence is less prominent in the Slavic and Sami Lappish family but can be recognised easily in Latin, Gallic and Northern Italic tongues. They were remarkable for reproducing velars as sibilant affricates /ʦ/, /ʧ/ and /ʤ/.

· Gaelic Alpinoids. Gaelic Alpines came with the culture of Cinerary Urns (1800 BC) via Galicia from the seats of Alpines in Morocco and Mauretania and showed secondary impact of Bantu languages in Africa. The western Atlantic coastlines were colonised by the culture of Cinerary Urns (1,800 BC) that settled down in Iberian Gallaecia and Galicia, occupied Venetic sites in Brittany and reached the island of Albion by populating Scottish Albania. Its pure component is now preserved clearly in Gaelic and Irish tongues. It prevails in the Irish language Gaeilge/Gaedhilge, Scottish Gaelic spelled Gàidhlig and the Manx variety Gaelg/Gailck. Tendency to African prenasalisation was visible in the shift of Latin femina to Catalanian fembra, ‘woman’. The advent of Gaelids via Hispania is recorded in the following chain:

· Cinerary urns → (Avalon in Africa) → Celtiberi → Gallaecian (Galician) → Andes → Veneti

· (Armorica) → Venelli → Gwened (Brittany) → Albania (Scotland) → Gaels (Ireland).

· Albanids. The Albanian Alpines in Epirus and Tsakonian dialects in the Peloponnese showed influences of African Bantu languages visible in prenasalised consonants and progressive tenses. They must have come from Libya via Aegean islands in the Mediterranean Sea.

· Serbian Palaeo-Slavids. Slavic Alpines in Central and Eastern Europe united the progeny of Gravettians and Lusatians, who survived as modern Slavonic nations. They displayed a lesser degree of palatalisation than Gallids but were more consistent in satemisation of velars.

· Croatian Neo-Slavids. A younger generation of Slavonian Alpines came with the Lusatian Urnfielders (1300 BC) and the Andronovo culture (1500 BC) from the east; they are remarkable for lesser degrees of satemisation than is common in Gallic and Serbian languages.

· Saamic Lappids. A northern corner of Baltic Epi-Gravettians Uralised by Siberian neighbours. They also carried out satem shifts such as Saami sata ‘hundred’ < kata-.

· Samoyedic Lappids. The Non-Indo-European Lappids migrated from India and its Alpinoid cremation cultures. The chain of their ethnic tribes has a natural starting-point in the Selkup people, who settled in the Sayan Mountains in the beginning of the first millennium AD.

Table 3. Eurasian varieties of Lappids, Alpinids and Slavids

The most urgent task of comparative linguistics consists in clearing large macro-families from alien heterogeneous enclaves absorbed by secondary acculturation and amalgamation. They can be all summed up under the labels of Pseudo-Nordids, Pseudo-Europids, Allo-Celts or Allo-Slavids. Although there exist no firm boundaries dividing Eteo-Slavids from Pseudo-Slavids, we can partition the latter group into three factions:

(1) Epi-Aterian and Epi-Solutrean ancestors of Baskids, Dinarids and other megalith builders,

(2) Hallstattian Sarmatids (800 BC) with horseback-riding cavalry and with chariot burials,

(3) Mesolithic Turanids with rock shelters, rock paintings and rockcut caves,

(4) Epi-Aurignacian and Epi-Levalloisian Tungids with lake-dwellings and row alignments of

menhirs, stellae and other types of standing stones,

(5) Europoid Gothoids with long dolichocephalic heads.

* 1. Basco-Dinarids: tall round-headed brachycephals with convex aquiline noses. The race of giant ogres belonged to the ruling caste of Basque-Scottish cairn-builders and had little to do with their Celtic bondsmen. Their ancestors lived in poor beehive huts and buried their dead wrapped in a long piece of cloth under dome-shaped stone cairns. The Chalcolithic innovations improved these customs by building huge rounds barrows. They were reserved only for the narrow caste of warriors, who attained a privileged position by possessing metal weapons and instruments. Their wealth initiated customs of building megalithic tombstones in their honour. The inventions of the Bronze Age metallurgy ensured them leadership in tribal confederations and chieftaincies. They subdued other tribes under their control and guarded their wealth in defensive hillforts. They lived in circular castles (brochs, nuraghe), kept their cattle in circular encloseures (kraals), held sessions of warriors at a round table and summoned councils of elders in round piazzas (agoras). They built circles of stones (cromlech) for parliamentary sessions, martial exercises and communal rites. They celebrated solstice festivals and cults worshipping sun gods in circular henges. The circular ground-plan was applied also to their posthumous abodes. They buried their dead in round cupolar cairns and dome-shaped tholoi. Their funerary rites required mummification, anointment, burial shrouds and wrapping the dead corpse by a long piece of cloth. The dead corpse had to be anointed, mummified and deposited in the sitting posture under the cairn vaulting. The access to the funeral tholos was enabled by a horizontal corridor called prodromos. A typical product of megalithic architecture is seen in the dolmen (Hünenbett). It consisted of two upright stones covered by a capstone slab and served as an opening into a subterranean cairn.

* 1a. Baskids: Spanish Pyrenean megalith-builders (Iberian Vascones, Basques, Pictones),

* 1b. Ogres: Atlantic folktale ogres (Scots, Picts, Scandinavians),

* 1c. Vistulans: a plantation of the Ukrainian Scythoids with the Globular Amphora ware (3400 BC),

* 1d. Mycenaeans: Anatolian tholos-builders (Argives, Bessoi, Mysii, Mushkoi, Mittani).

* 2. Norids: mutated types of Danubian Sarmatids and Uralids with flat faces (Boii, Volcae).

* 2a. Sarmatids: Hallstattian settlers (800 BC), who extended Sarmatian chariot burials from the Volga river basin to Romania, Moravia and Italy. Their raiders included the Italic tribes of Marsi, Boii, Oscans and Volsci. Their belligerent files comprised also Scandinavian Æsir and Normans and were responsible for the spreading the Romanesque defensive, residential and sacral architecture. Their description as dolichocephalic Nordids and Aryans is misleading.

* 2b. Eteo-Norids: taller meso- and brachycephals with flat faces and high protruding cheekbones.

* 3. Turanids: imported from Central Asia by Mesolithic cultures with microlith implements. They were remarkable for mesocephaly, high narrow faces, leptorrhinic noses, smaller hands and feet.

* 3a. Iberids (Epi-Magdalenian, Epi-Azilian and Epi-Tardenoisian Turanids with microlithic tools): goat-keepers with the Y-DNA haplogroup R1b-M343, who dwelt in artificial rock-cut caves and produced burnished ware, Celtiberians, Eburones, Eburovices, Etruscans, Irish Iverni or Hyberni.

* 3b. Cimbroid Teutonids (Epi-Maglemosian bog-dwelling boat-people with the Y-DNA haplo-group R1a-M420, who encroached on Celtic tribes in northwest Europe),

* 3c. Punoids (Tartessani, Turduli, Turdetani, Carthaginians, 800 BC): maritime fishermen, pirates and cliff-dwellers with vertical shafts, related to Etruscans, Lycians, Cilicians and Cypriotes,

* 4. Gracile Mediterranids: slim mesocephals with gracile tall faces and hyperleptorrhine noses.

* 4a. Polonians: Epi-Aurignacian nomadic fishers surviving dominantly in Poles, Balts, Karelians, Bulgarians and partly also in descendants of the Chasséen and La Tène Culture.

* 4b. Pelasgids: a residual race of archaic Tungids, Levalloisian fishers and ‘sea peoples’ responsible for orthognathous, leptorrhine and leptoprosopic countenance of the white Euroasian races (Carantanians, Dalmatians and Illyrians).

* 5. Gothoids: tall, long-headed, white-skinned and blue-coloured Europoid races with axe-tools.

* 5a. Danubian Europids: the Linear Ware people called Langobards, Langiones, Buri and Quadi, they were propagators of the Neolithic agriculture in Southern and Central Europe.

* 5b. Littoralids or Litorids (dolichocephalous phenotypes of medium stature often denoted as Atlanto-Mediterranids): the Bell-Beaker Folk with the Y-DNA haplogroup I2a-M26.

Table 4. A survey of Pseudo-Celtic and Pseudo-Slavic ethnicities

Extract from Pavel Bělíček: The Analytic Survey of European Anthropology, Prague 2018,

p. 157-161)

1 Jan Czekanowski: Das Typenfrequenzgesetz. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 5 (4), 1929: 335-359.

2 Ilsa Schwidetzky: Rassenforschung in Polen. Zeitschrift für Rassenkunde. Band 1, 1935.

1 M. A. Smirnova: Yazyk hausa. Moskva 1960, p. 30.