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The Traditional Classification of Asiatic Races
A good starting-point for
tackling the taxonomy of principal boreal races of Mongoloids was provided by
Eickstedt’s classification of areal
zones. It reckoned with compartments for the Northern and Southern Mongolids, Palaeo-Europids, Indianids and two racial zones. Dark inhabitants of the
subtropical zone fell into the class of ‘brown races’, while the rest of
tribes residing in highlands defined the partition of ‘mountainous races’. In
addition, it applied the classificatory groupings of Vedoids,
Negritos, Tungids,
Southern Asiatic races and Eastern Asiatic varieties.
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Braunrassengürtel:
Mediterranide, Grazilmediterranide,
Eurafrikanide, Berberide,
Orientalide, Indide, Grazilindide, Nordindinide, Indobrachide, Pazifide, Polineside, Mikroneside
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Nordmongolide:
Tungide, Sinide, Nordsinide, Mittelsinide, Südsinide
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Bergrassengürtel:
Alpinide, Westalpinide, Lappide, Dinaride, Armenide, Turanide, Aralide, Pamiride
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Südmongolide:
Palämongolide, Palaungide, Neside
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Alteuropide:
Weddide, Wedda, Gondide, Malide, Toalide, Ostweddide, Ainuide
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Indianide:
Indianide
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VEDOID: Gondid - Malid
- Ceylonid – East Weddid
NEGRITO: Andamanid
- Toalid - Aetid – Semangid
SOUTH ASIA: Palaungid - Shanid - Deuteromalaid - Protomalayid
– Nepalid
EAST ASIA: North -
Middle and South Sinid - Chosonid - Coshu – Satsuma - Cipangid – Qiangid
TUNGIDS: Talgid - Kumid
- Aralid - Pamirid - West Sibirid - East Sibirid - Eskimid – Sakhalinid
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Table 19. Eickstedt’s subcategorisation of areal zones and racial groups
In Biasutti’s
subcategorisation Mongoloids include Siberids, Tibetids, Eskimids, Tungids, Turanids, Sinids and South Mongolids (Palaeo-Mongolids). A
critical realistic view can, however, acknowledge only independent racial
varieties of Uralids, Ugrids,
Tungids and Turanids,
other groups are mixed ‘mesoraces’ or heterogeneous
groupings. The worst blunder consists in classifying Sinids
as Mongolids: they only share some traits because
their homeland lies in the intersection of Mongolids
in the north, Tungids in the northeast and the Negrito in the south. The principal core of Asians is
seen in Mongolids encompassing most races of Central Asia, Siberian and the Far East. Unfortunately, they form one of the vaguest
controversial categories of current anthropology.
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Uralo-Siberian macrofamily: Palaeo-Siberian macrofamily, Finno-Ugric macrofamily
Palaeo-Siberian macrofamily: Chukotkan
family, Kamchatkan family, Yukaghir
family
Chukotkan family: Alyutor, Chukchi, Kerek, Koryak
Kamchatkan family:
(Western) Itelmen, Eastern
Kamchadal
Yukaghir family: Chuvan, Omok
Finno-Ugric macrofamily: Baltic group, Volga group, Permic group,
Samoyedic, Ugric group, Hungarian
Baltic
Finnic group: Chud,
Estonians, Finns, Izhorians, Karelians,
Livonians, Setos, Veps, Votes
Volga
group: Burtas, Mari, Merya,
Meshchera, Mokshas, Mordvins, Murom, Sami (Lapps)
Permic group: Besermyan, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Udmurts
Samoyedic
group: Enets, Nenets, Nganasan, Selkup
Sayan
Samoyedic: Kamassian, Koibal,
Karagas, Motor, Soyot, Taigi
Ugric group: Khanty, Mansi, Yugra
Hungarian group: Székely, Csángó, Magyarab, Jász, Kun, Palóc
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Table
20.
The traditional classification of Finno-Ugric
peoples
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The Anthropocenology and Ethnonymic
Associations of Uralic Tribes
Uralic nations live in isolated inhospitable
ends of the Old World and their seats
can easily induce us to think that they played a marginal role in the
Eurasian ethnogeny. This impression is superficial and misleading because
they were heirs of Palaeolithic megafauna-hunters
and launched several worldwide colonisations. In the prehistoric past they
conquered many continents but had to search for new lands because they soon
exterminated most species of big mammals. Their ancestors were Palaeo-Mongolids akin to Clactonians,
Tayacians, Tabunians and Mousterians. Their hordes swept the world in several
waves culminating with the last revival in the Bronze Age (from 3000 BC to
1200 BC). Its main bearers were the Megalithic Ogres in western Eurasia and the
Mycenaean Cyclopes in the Balkans. About 6,000 BC
the Old World saw
an amazing diaspora of their younger brothers
nicknamed as Neo-Mongolids. Their cultural
identity was discerned according to the spread of the western and eastern
Combed Ware.
Fatal disasters in their history came in
the Mesolithic after the extinction of mammoths. Their rarefication
made big-mammal hunters retreat to the boreal regions of northern Eurasia and later also
to America. As their
makeshift they had to do with hunting the moose. In Europe, Siberia, Australia as well as in America their hunting
activities had detrimental effects, about 40 per cent of big-mammal species
were irrevocably extirpated. These conditions make us realise that the Finno-Ugric settlements in
northern Russia do not represent
original homelands but only isolated temporary refuges. As a result their toponomastics has to cope with crossings of several
migrations: the Palaeolithic spread in civilised centres, the Mesolithic
diffusion to the northeast ends, the Neolithic pastoralist
revolution and the triumphal return to the south. Table 23 reconstructs their ethnogeny in schematic descendancy relations.
Mongolids =
Palaeo-Mongolids (diaspora
60,000 BC) + Neo-Mongolids (diaspora
6,000 BC)
Ugrids =
Palaeo-Mongolids →
Ugrians, Mansi, Khanty, Ingrians, Izhorians, Veps, Varangians
Neo-Mongolids =
Western Uralids → Cheremis,
Mari, Murom, Merya, Estonians, Mordvins
Eastern
Uralids
(eastern diaspora in the 6th mill. BC) → Mongolian Mergids,
Ostyaks, Chinese
Yuezhi,
Koreans, Japanese, Moro in the Philippines
Table 23. The schematic plan of
Mongolic and Finno-Ugric subdivisions
Millennia of regional cohabitation
intermingled Finno-Ugric languages
into indistinguishable clusters. None of them is a pure extraction of
Proto-Uralic ethnicity, they are all amalgamated concoctions degenerated into
hybrid mixtures. Degeneration transformed independent tribal languages into
one chaotic blend. Their original layout can be reconstructed only by the
preparation of residual anomalous elements. The pure remains of prehistoric
traits have usually been retained only in irregular conjugations,
declinations and plural endings. Classic comparative linguistics wasted time
by questing for lexical similarities though its proper duty was to search for
structural irregularities.
URALIANS → k-Ugric + t-Uralian
+ i-Saamic +
s-Permian+ l-Bulgarian
k-Ugrids (Basco-Scythoids) → Ingrian,
Chudic, Vepsa (Vesi), Varyags, Magyars, Xanty, Mansi
t-Uralian Uralids (Sarmatids) → Finnish, Estonian, Mordvin, Ostyaks, Murom, Merya, Meru
l-Bulgarian Pontids (Tungids) → Upper Mari, Lower
Mari, Karelian, Bashkir, Volga Bolgars
i-Saamic Lappids →
Lappish, Samoyedic, Selkup,
Nenets, Enets
s-Permian Gothids (Corded Ware Nordids) → Uglichi,
Komi, Perm (← Barmia), Udmurt
Table 24. The Uralic language
family classified by plural endings
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A Systematic
Reclassification of Uralic Nations
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Uralo-Siberians → Palaeo-Siberians
+ Eteo-Ugrids + Eteo-Estonids
Eteo-Ugric
cultures (dome-shaped beehive dwellings, circular enclosures and huddles of
huts, eventual
horizontal access corridors, Mongolic
chums, Eskimo igloos, big-game hunting, hunting moose,
burials in kurgans and mounds out of
piles of stones, polygynous exogamy, where each
wife may
have her own hut; mummification rites
with anointment and binding the corpse into a long piece of
cloth; epi-Mousterian industry with retouched leaf-shaped
lance heads, globular amphorae, bear cults)
Eteo-Ugric
language
type: k-plurals,
definite articles, dental stops and sonorants,
fricatives β, γ, θ, ð, χ
Eteo-Ugrids:
tall large-headed brachycephals, convex, hooked
and aquiline noses, reddish skin, red hair
Eteo-Ugric
languages (with Ugric ethnonyms in Ugr-, Chud-, Set-,
Ves-, Mas-,
Mat- and k-plurals) →
→ Ingrian, Chudic,
Vepsa (Vesi), South Estonian (plurals in -q
/ʔ/), Varyags, Magyars, Yugra,
Khanty
(plural Kantek),
Mansi, Yugra tongues
Eteo-Estonic
cultures (the Narva Pit-Comb Ware culture,
6000 BC, egg-shaped round-bottomed pots,
four-pitch-roof marquee tents, winter
bases with hillforts, bastions, towers and rich crenellations,
moose-hunting, raw meat drying,
marital exogamy, kidnapping brides, lycanthropy, wolfine
totemism,
impaling enemies on palisades)
Estono-Marids:
taller stature, large-headed brachycephaly,
convex noses and other Ugroid traits
Eteo-Estonic language type: t-plurals, fortis-lenis consonantism, no voiced plosives, fortis
initial stops
vs. geminated intervocalic stops,
locative cases, dental plosives and fortis sonorants, perfect tenses
out of analytic constructions with
auxiliaries and past participles
Eteo-Estonic t-plurals:
plural endings in -t, Erzyans, autonymic plural Erzyat,
Moksha, plural Mokshet
Eteo-Estonic languages and
groups → Finnish, Estonian, Mordvin,
Ostyak, Murom, Merya, Meru
Exo-Estonic culture: Eastern Comb
ware, Yunggimun culture (Japan, 10,000 BP), Chulmun/Jeulmun
comb-patterned
pottery (Korea, 8000 BC), the
eastern propagation of Estono-Marids
Exo-Estonic languages with t-plurals → Korean,
Mongolian, Japanese
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Table 21. A new systematic reclassification of Uralids
and Ugrids
The
dominant role of Eteo-Uralic tribes (Ugrids and Estono-Marids)
should not overshadow a great number of subdominant ethnicities that were
drowned in their peripheral surrounding. They took over the main core of the
Uralic lexical word stock but retained a number of irregularities that betray
heterogeneous origin and distinguish them from alien neighbours.
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Allo-Uralic
subfamilies, subdominant pseudo-Uralids and non-Uralic tribes of heterogeneous origin
that
were absorbed secondarily into the
Uralic macrofamily in the Siberian area
Plural typology: Finno-Ugric Uralians
→ k-Ugric + t-Uralian
+ i/e-Saamic + s-Permian+ l-Bulgarian
Allo-Uralians → s-Permian
(Gothids) + i/e-Saamic
(Lappids) + l-Bulgarian (Tungids)
Uralo-Gothic Udmurts (Uralised
remains of Gotho-Frisian Corded Ware absorbed in
the Uralic area)
Komi-Permian
culture: the Fatyanovo-Balanovo
culture (3200 BC–2300 BC) with Corded Ware pottery
Komi-Permyaks → Votic, Permian, Udmurt/Otyak/Votyak,
Yodzyak, Kudymkar and Inva
dialects
Etymology: Russians called Udmurts Chud Otyatskaya (чудь отяцкая), Otyaks, Wotyaks or Votyaks
Gotho-Frisian
s-plurals: Udmurts, plural autonym Udmurt’jos, Удмуртъёс;
Komi, plural autonym
Komiyas,
plurals in -ias, -ies, sp-/st-/sk-clusters, voiced-surd consonant stop
opposition, abundant
diphthongs and triphthongs
in Karelian and other mixed Uralic languages
Uralo-Langobardian Permyaks, agriculturalists dwelling in longhouses in the
style of half-timber
architecture, descent
from the Ananyino culture (c. 750 BC) with row
burials (Reihengräber) of
Langobardian
type, influence and cultural
affiliation with the Koban battle-axe culture in Ingushetia,
Perm (from medieval
Barmia), Permian plurals in -ez
Uralo-Lappids
(Uralised remains of cremation cultures coming from the Anatolian and
Levantine Epi-
Gravettian
or the Altaic Sayan Mountains and China, probable
origin from Sinids in Southeast Asia)
Uralo-Lappic language type: palatalisation,
abundant affricates, satemisation, Nenets-Enet satem shift,
palatalisation
k > sʲ, s >
sʲ, Nganasan, Selkup
and Kamassian palatalisation
k > ʃ
Samoyedic
etymology: Samoyedic does not mean ‘cannibal self-eater’ but Saami+Gothic/Jutic
Uralo-Lappic i/e-plural languages: → Saamic/Lappish, Saami plurals
in -k, -i, -e, Samoyedic Selkup,
Nenets, Enets, plural form Entsi,
palatalised tʲ-plurals in Mordvin
Karelian Uralo-Tungids (Uralised
remains of Aurignacian Palaeolithic lacustrine nomadic fishers and
sedentary lake-dwellers, affiliated
with the Mediterranid Pontids
settled north of the Black Sea,
Tungusic tepee
tents retained in the lavvu huts and
Finnish tall A-shaped roofs)
Uralo-Karelian language type: there
is little evidence of Tungusic Evenk plurals in -l, today Karelians
use plurals in -t, Pontic Bulgarians and Bashkirs
apply composite plural in -lar, e.g. Bashkir ata
‘father’, pl. atalar ‘fathers’, composite plurals may be seen also in the Mari
ending -vlak
Uralo-Karelian languages → Karelian, Olonets Karelian, Ludic, Upper Mari, Lower Mari, Bashkir
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Table 22. The hypothetical ethnogeny of eastern Uralic and Mongolic tribes
Extract from Pavel Bìlíèek: The Differential Analysis of the
Wordwide Human Varieties, Prague
2018, pp. 84-89
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