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The Ancient Races of the British Isles
Click on names (red letters)
of human varieties (with yellow background) and read about their
decomposition into ethnic subgroups. Notice traditional fallacies and preconceptions concerning the traditional misleading categories of human races. Clickable terms are red on yellow background. |
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The Ancient Races
and Tribes of |
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Angles,
Saxons, Jutes, Frisians as Gothonids
Indo-European origins naturally fall in
with the rise of the Nordic and Caucasoid tall white-skinned dolichocephals. It
can be dated back neither to the Neolithic nor to the Campignian Litorids
(approximate estimate is 10,000 BC), whose birth must have preceded that of
Japanese Jomonians (13,000 BC or even 16,000 BP). The dating of the European
axe-tool Macrolithic and Micoquian elongated hand-axes (130,000 BP) does not
seem to be sufficient, either. The unity of all boreal northern
dolichocephalic hand-axe people may approach to the Acheulean horizon close
to 500,000 BP. The earliest forefathers of all Nordids and Europids can be
seen in Micoquians. The probable ancestors of all Caucasoids (western Gothids
and eastern Gothonids) may be sought in Acheuleans or their Yabroudian
progeny.
Table 25. Genuine
Indo-European tribes stemming from the Acheulean axe-tool tradition
The genuine core of Indo-European people was formed by the racial varieties
of tall dolichocephals, who are traditionally classified as Nordids, Europids
and Caucasoids. However, their designation is not very fortunate and fitting
for a lot of terminological reasons. They can be renamed as the Gothonic
nations of Acheulean origin, who later split into branches of European
Gothids and Asiatic Gothonids. The The demographic prevalence of Gothids and Gothonids
in the European continent was challenged by a number of Asiatic tribes, who
infiltrated their settlements from the east and soon naturalised their hosts
in the new environment. They arrived in
Table 26. The tribal
ethnonymy of Gothonic tribes and castes Table 25
recommends to designate the genuine core of Europoids as Gothids and subsume
the family of (pre)agriculturalist Caucasoids under the label of Gothonids.
It demonstrates their parallels in the names of chief tribal moieties and
phratries. The decisive criterion for judging their genetic consanguinity and
common origin is found in the resemblance of their ethnonymy. A
reliable guideline for ethnic differentiation in the Germanic area is
provided by plural formation. In English, Frisian, West Flemish and the Lower Saxon Germanic dialects plurals are formed
by adding the suffix -s. The traditional account of s-plurals
considers these plural suffixes as a direct continuation of the IE *-s
due to lack of rhotacism. In Anglo-Saxon and West
Frisian plurals in -s witnessed that Ingaevonic dialects defended old nominal pluralisation and felt
hostility to umlaut r-plurals. This IE heritage was anxiously
protected also by Istvaeonic tribes
operating in the south. They coincided with the Bell Beaker Folk, whose
migrations ranged from Pseudo-Celtic Adstrata
The complex of B-Celtic family can be defined as a group of Non-Celtic,
Pseudo-Celtic or Allo-Celtic languages that refuse African labiovelars as
alien phonemes defying their phonologic repertory. The group of B-Celtic languages is referred to as Brittonic,
although it is not their typical representative and their core encompasses
several Non-Indo-European dialects. The genuine Brittonic element is
strongest in tribes burying in long barrows, and its traits considerably
differ from Welsh, Cornish and Cumbric that are traditionally included in the
B-Celtic complex. They were probably
imported by Asiatic invaders of Sarmatoid and Turcoid stamp because in their
consonantism the opposition of fortis-lenis stops plays a more decisive role
than the correlation of voiced and voiceless sounds. What qualified them all
as members of the B-Celtic family was just the lack of labiovelar consonants.
In fact, they were reluctant also to accepting other Africanisms,
prenasalisation and postnasalisation, nasal vowels, tonal accentuation,
melodic intonation and the opposition of habitual and progressive tenses. Although there exist no firm
boundaries dividing Eteo-Celts from Pseudo-Celts, we can partition the latter
group into three factions: (1)
Epi-Aterian and Epi-Solutrean ancestors of Baskids and other megalith
builders, (2)
Hallstattian Sarmatids (800 BC) with horseback-riding cavalry and
chariot burials. (3)
Mesolithic Turanids with rock shelters, rock paintings and rock-cut
caves, (4)
Epi-Aurignacian and Epi-Levalloisian Tungids with lake-dwellings and
row alignments of
menhirs, stellae and other types of standing stones, (5) Europoid Gothonids with
long dolichocephalic heads. *
1. Basco-Dinarids:
tall round-headed brachycephals with convex aquiline noses. *
1a. Baskids: Iberian Vascones,
Basques, Spanish megalith-builders. *
1b. Ogres: Atlantic folktale ogres (Scots,
Picts, Scandinavians, Varangians), who lived in broch castles and buried
their dead in round *
2. Norids: mutated types of Danubian herders,
eastern Sarmatids and Uralids with flat faces. *
2a. Sarmatids: Hallstattian settlers (800
BC), who extended Sarmatian chariot burials from the *
2b. Eteo-Norids: taller meso- and brachycephals with flat faces and
high protruding cheekbones. *
3. Turanids:
imported from *
3a. Iberids (Epi-Magdalenian, Epi-Azilian and
Epi-Tardenoisian Turanids with microlithic tools): goat-keepers with the
Y-DNA haplogroup R1b-M343, who dwelt in artificial rock-cut caves and
produced burnished ware, Celtiberians, Eburones, Eburovices,
Etruscans, Irish Iverni or Hyberni. *
3b. Teutonic Cimbroids (Epi-Maglemosian
bog-dwelling boat-people with the Y-DNA haplo-group R1a-M420, they encroached
on Celtic tribes in northwest *
3c. Punoids (Tartessani, Turduli,
Turdetani, Carthaginians, 800 BC): maritime
fishermen, pirates and cliff-dwellers with vertical shafts, related to
Lycians, Cilicians and Cypriots (17,000 BC), *
4. Gracile
Mediterranids: slim mesocephals with gracile tall faces and
hyperleptorrhine noses. *
4a. Polonians: Epi-Aurignacian nomadic
fishers surviving dominantly in Poles and Bulgarians and partly also in the
Chasséen and La Tène Culture. *
4b. Pelasgids: the residual race of Cardial
Tungids, Levalloisian fishers and ‘sea peoples’ responsible for
orthognathous, leptorrhine and leptoprosopic countenance of white Euroasian
races. *
5. Gothids:
tall, long-headed, white-skinned and blue-coloured Europoid races with
axe-tools. *
5a. Danubian Europids: the Linear Ware people
called Langobards, Langiones, Buri and Quadi,
propagators of the Neolithic agriculture in Southern and Central *
5b. Littoralids or Litorids (dolichocephalous
phenotypes of medium stature often denoted as Atlanto-Mediterranids): the
Bell-Beaker Folk with the Y-DNA haplogroup I2a-M26. Baskids. The
race of giant ogres and ogresses belonged to the ruling caste of
Basque-Scottish cairn-builders and had little to do with their Celtic
bondsmen. They attained a privileged position by importing and propagating
the skills of the Bronze Age metallurgy in European countries. The Bronze Age
technology ensured them leadership in tribal confederations and
chieftaincies. Their wealth initiated customs of building megalithic
tombstones in their honour. Their ancestors lived in poor beehive huts and
buried their dead wrapped in a long piece of cloth under dome-shaped stone Basco-Scytho-Ugric
cultural morphology Funeral architecture: dolmen, cairn ( Monumental architecture: broch ( Baskids, megalith-builders: [Vascones – Vasates
– Sotiates ( Dinarids, tumulus cultures, Hügelgräber: [Mattiaci
– Seducii – Angrivarii – Fosi ( Cyclopes: [Mycenaeans – Argolids/Argives] + [Mysians ( Scythoids: [Abkhaz – Abazin – Maeotians] + [Matiana – Media –
The megalith-building tribes are
recognised as a special anthropological stock only in the Basque Baskids but
little attention is paid to their relations other races of giant ogres in Such similarities suggest the hypothesis of the
common origin of megalith-builders in the Aterian, Solutrean,
Szeletian, Lincombian, Ranisian and Jerzmanowician area uniting cultures with leaf-shaped spearheads. These cultures were linked by one belt of
the epi-Mousterian techno-complex leading from Celtic tribes lived in volatile tribal
confederations with a variegated stratification of castes. In the Bronze Age
the upper-caste was represented by the fabulous race of ogres composed mainly
from Basques and Scots. They acted as the dominant military and
administrative superstratum residing in dome-shaped forthills called brochs, nuraghi
or talaiots. The latter were constructed from thick walls by methods of dry-stone
vaulting without addition of mortar. Their bondsmen and hirelings were
genuine Eteo-Celts, who served as the most populous substratum able to absorb
its rulers and integrate them into the hold-all Celtic unity. Their
subordinate standing was perceptible from the fact that their cremation
burials were situated on the periphery of ogrish forthills. Hallstattian Norids. In the Iron Age the glory of ogrish forthills faded down, their
walls dilapidated and were rebuilt as oppida by new landlords of the Hallstattian
stock. The anthropologists classify them as gracilised Hallstatt Nordids in
belief that they celebrate the lordly race of white full-blooded Aryans. In
fact, the Hallstattian skulls betray a mixture of Danubian Europids with
Sarmatids bearing residual Mongolic traits. Their identification with Aryans
is correct since the Hallstattians descended from the Sarmatian Aryas with
horse-drawn chariots. They interred their chieftains in mounds with their
horses and chariots and built fortified oppida with towers, bastions and
crenels. The native
homeland of chariot-burials was in Sintashta-Petrovka culture (2100–1800 BC) in the Chelyabinsk
Oblast of Russia. Here they learnt the local Iranian dialects of
Indo-European origin. Their cultural influence bedimmed the fact that they
were consanguine relatives of Uralids and Ugrids and younger brothers of
Eurasian kurgan-builders. Their people lived as horse pastoralists in steppe
grasslands of Mediterranean Tungids. The Scythian and Sarmatian rulers were welcomed in Lake-dwellers colonised lake districts of western
Europe in several waves. The last wave caused the revitalisation and spread
of the La Tène merchants from Epi-Cardial Pelasgids. Aurignacian Tungids had remote relatives, who had occupied
the Mediterranean coasts since time immemorial. Hypothetically speaking,
their earliest forefathers were Levalloisians with flake-tool industry
knapped from a well-prepared platform. Neolithic excavations disclosed their
descendants as manufacturers of the Cardial Ware. It was adorned by imprints of the shell of the cockle, a mollusk known as Cardium edulis. Their
seaside ecotype was reminiscent of the IE littoralists, so Joseph Denikers
classified them as Littoralids. The Cardial Ware, however, linked tribes with
cultural morphology similar to Levalloisian fishers and lake-dwellers. They
occupied the tectonic Great Depression spanning from the Jordan Rift to lakes
in Levalloisians. Their Levalloisian ethnic identity is usually impugned,
archaeologists have arrived at the dogmatic conclusion that they did not
represent an ethnic tribe but just a method of knapping. In their opinion the
Levalloisian culture denotes only a specific formal type of technology
applicable to all civilisations. Notwithstanding, about 500,000 BP the Levalloisian
people credibly expanded along the long migration route from Divinities and their
tutelary animals: Baal/Apollo/Lykaios – wolf, Artemis/Diana – bear, Leto –
swan, Divine twins: Dioscuroi
Castor and Pollux, Apollo – Artemis/Diana, Gemini, Lel – Polel ( Pelasgians (Pelasgiotes) ® Belegezites
( Epi-Cardial-Ware: [Epi-Ahmarian:
Palestinian/Philistine – Dan (Levant)] + [Eteo-Cretan – Delian – Peloponnese]
+ [Lydian – Carian – Leleg] + [Danaan – Pelasgian – Paeonian (Macedonia) –
Larissan] + [Dalmatian – Illyrian – Carinthian] + [Daunian –
Apullian] + [Faliscan – Latin – Paelignian] + [Dolomitian – Bellunese – Ladin –
Piavianh] + [Ligurian? – Corsican] + [Pelendones
– Carni (Spain)] Epi-Cardial Pelasgoids with conic roundhouses:
Italian Apulli and Dauni with trullo huts + Spanish Pelendones with palozza huts + Scottish Dumnonii with the
lake-dwelling crannogs
+
Irish Firbolgs1 Epi-Latenians: [La Tène, France, 450 BC] ® Belgae (before 100 BC) in Gallia Belgica
and Belgium ® [Belgae in
Britain ® Cornish/Kernowek (Wales) ® Tuatha Dé
Danann (Irish cherry-tree growers)] Funeral architecture: oval
pitgraves, fossa graves, ochre burials with corps sprinkled by ochre
powder Sacral architecture:
menhirs, standing stones, stone rows, stone alignments Popular secular
architecture: roundhouses, crannogs, duns in the sense of ‘stone-built
fortified settlements’ with ‘roundhouses’, ‘low forts’ and ‘cities styled as
urban market places’; their ground-plan is characterised by streets along
rows of semidetached houses facing the waterside Table 36. Epi-Aurignacian and Pelasgoid
Epi-Cardial cultural morphology Trullo. The architectural
style of East African rondavels is imitated by the trullo house in Italian Apullia.
Its conical roof lies on a higher cylindrical wall. In Murgia such houses are
called casedda. Instead of straw thatching they have a higher
cylindrical vault from limestone blocks. They adjoin to one another as
semidetached constructions. They usually face the riverside bank and preserve
alignment of streets and row houses parallel to the flowing river stream. Palozza. One of residues of
archaic lake-dwellings in Crannog. Conical roofs and
circular ground-plan are typical also of the Scottish crannag and
Irish crannóg. They stand on an artificial island formed by a platform
from wooden timber logs. The pointed top of the roof differs from Tungusic
tepees by lacking crossed poles. Its design seems to be derived from rondavels
popular in eastern coasts of Megalithism influenced all archaeological cultures
of western Europe and gave them an imprint of patterns peculiar to the
Asiatic Kurgan people. Atlantic megalithisation and Asiatic kurganisation
took course as parallel processes reinforced by the consanguine peoples of
Basco-Scytho-Ugrid giants. Megalithism was a reflection of the growing
military power of chieftains in the leadership of tribal confederacies.
Ordinary commoners did not live in large dome-shaped tholoi but in low
beehive huts out of wattle and straw. They were not buried in huge tumuli
and kurgans but had to content with eternal rest under simple heaps of stones
(pile burials) common among Namibian Khoikhoi herders. Bascoid B-Celts
represented Non-Celtic populations that had nothing common with Alpinoid
Celts except for infiltrating into their homeland. Thus
Proto-Celtic kʷ developed into Irish k but
in Welsh it rendered b. For instance, B-Celtic reproduced the Irish word mac as Welsh mab and Gaulish mapos since these B-Celtic languages lacked labiovelars kw,
gw in their phonological repertory. English queen and Old Norse
kvenn corresponds to Welsh benyw and Irish ban.1 |
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British Celts
Romance and Italic languages that look like its Q-Celtic subdivisions.
Their consistence is undermined by the cuckoo’s eggs pushed under from without
into their hatch. Their original prehistoric shapes are distorted by a number
of inorganic additions of heterogeneous components absorbed later amidst
their homeland. In the case of Romance languages a lot of dogmatic prejudices
have been dispelled by the Adopting a
realistic approach to Celtic anthropology requires distinguishing several
incompatible ethnic substrata and racial layers. They consist of The genuine
of core of Celts reduced to Eteo-Celts was formed by several streams of short-sized
brachycephals drifting from Alpinids.
A critical revision of the Celtic family advises to reduce the extent of its
intrinsic genetic boundaries only to the racial variety of Alpines, Alpinoids
and Alpinids. They are described as low-skulled, brachycephalous roundheads
with a short stocky, thickset figure. They had a small round chin, small
concave noses, brown hair and light-brown skin. Their appearance was depicted
pregnantly by Hans Günther: “the Alpine race is
thick-set and broad. The average height of the Alpine man is about interpreted the Fir Bolg clan as the Érainn (Irish) people equivalent to Belgae. He was convinced that Iverni were identical to the Irish subgroup known as the Builg. * Iberoid Hiberni: a
population of cave-dwelling deer-hunters identifiable with the Cresswellian
culture (13,000BP) that occupied Britain as an
offshoot of the continental Magdalenians (13,000 BP); their British ethnonyms were Cimbri (Cornwall), Cymry
(Wales), Cumbri (North Britain
northwest of York, ancient Eburodunum), Hebrides, inhabitants of Inner and Outer Hebrides. These
names echo also in the Scottish place name * Pre-Gothoid Partholons: the first
agriculturalists, who taught the natives to employ the ox and plough; their
description looks antedated but may refer to the early Gothoid axe-tool cultures
of Littorids in Britain, the Larnian culture in north Ireland and the Obanian
complex on western Scotland. Their descendants may be sought in the
dolichocephalous people with long skulls, who interred the dead in long
barrows. These ethnic factions were probably responsible for importing
Neolithic agriculture to * Fir Bolg
Pelasgoids: the sons of Dela and the first race of Tungusoid nomadic
fishermen in the * Epi-Latenian Belgae: migrants of the
continental La Tène culture that is erroneously counted to Celts; they
came about 500 BC as caste of patricians who got rich by trade, merchantry
and seafaring. The natives remembered them as gentle cultivated people, who
imported planting and growing cherry-trees in * Gaelic
Eteo-Celts: the short-sized
brachycephalous race of Eteo-Celts that arrived to Table 39. The
ethnic and racial layers in the population of
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1
Jiří A. Svoboda: The Gravettian on the Middle Danube. PALEO. Revue
d'archéologie préhistorique 19, 2007.
2 Édouard Dupont: Sur les crânes de Furfooz. Compte-rendu du Congrès de Préhistoire. 6, 1872: 555–559.
1
F. Cruciani et al.: Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern
Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and
J-M12. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24 (6):
2007: 1300-1311.
1 T. F. O'Rahilly: Early Irish History and Mythology. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1946.