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The Families of Lappic, Slavic, Gallic, Annamitic and Sinic Languages Clickable terms are red on the yellow background |
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Table 1. The Systematic Glottogenesis of Human Language
Families |
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Map 1. Lappids with incineration burials, semisubterranean lean-to huts, blood group A, Y-hg C and O, lingual phonology and isolating reduplicative morphology (from Pavel Bělíček: The Atlas of Systematic
Anthropology I. The Synthetic Classification
of Human Phenotypes and Varieties. Prague 2018, Map 5, pp. 77) |
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Map 1. Indices of shortsized stature in Lappids (after R. Biasutti) (Pavel Bělíček: The Synthetic Classification of Human Phenotypes and Varieties. Prague 2018, p. 97, Map 12) |
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Map 2. The distribution and ethnic identification of high rates of the blood group A |
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Clicks, Implosives, Palatals and their Satemism
Clicks. The Bushmen are mixed
racially with the Hottentot cattle-breeders but
their anthropology and language structures preserve many archaic features of
the Palaeo-Pygmic race. Most of their words exhibit
bisyllabic patterns and almost 70 per cent of their
lexical roots start with clicks. Clicks are defined as ‘velar injectives whose pronunciation accompanies a velar
occlusion with a labial, dental, alveolar, lateral or palatal occlusion’ (Krupa, Genzor, Drozdík 1983: 409). They are called injectives
or implosives because they are pronounced with an inspiratory
stream of air that is common in clicking the tongue and sucking liquid food.
The current linguistic tradition has introduced specific symbols for their
notation but it is preferable to replace them by a system of diacritic
writing so as to emphasise their analogy with palatals. Satemism. The systemic shortage of backer stops
resulted in satemism, a tendency to
reproduce velars in loanwords as sibilant or affricates. Comparative
linguistics classifies descendants of the eastern branch of Indo-European as satm languages
because they carried out the change k’e
> s seen in the Avesta satm ‘hundred’. On
the other hand, descendants of the western branch of Indo-European are
classified as centum languages after Latin centum ‘hundred’ in
belief that they depalatalised palatal stops by
shifts k’ > k and g’ > g. We believe that the dichotomy
of centum and sat ǝm languages cannot be reduced to an isolated shift in
the evolution of Indo-European but represents a more general tendency to
avoiding velar consonants. A broader view would explain it as satemism, a series of shifts reproducing velars
before front vowels e, i as
sibilants, common to all Pygmoid and Laponoid languages. Indo-European comparative
grammar assumes that the sat ǝm shift k’e > s occurred when the Indo-Iranians and
Slavs began to split from other Indo-Europeans. This shift assibilated
Indo-European palatal velars k’, g’, g’h:
Table 148. Assibilation
in eastern Indo-European languages (Erhart
1982: 51) After separating into families, this assibilation was followed by
several independent palatalisations. Indo-Iranian ke, kwe,
ki, kwi
changed into ča, či,
ge, gwe,
gi, gwi
into ja, ji
and ghe, gwhe,
ghi, gwhi
into ha, hi. Similar pala-talisations
took place in Common Slavic, Old French, Latvian and Tokharian.
The first palatalisation in Common Slavic carried
out the shifts k > č and g > ž. The second Slavic palatalisation in the late 1st millennium AD
turned kě, ki
into cě, ci,
gě, gi into
zě, zi and chě, chi into sě,
si (Erhart 1982: 51).
Melodic Prosody and Palatal Vocalism
Tones. The original system of melodic tonality was
preserved in most languages of Laponoid origin as a
complementary phenomenon without phonemic relevance. In the Indo-European
area melodic accent of acute and circumflex type can be observed in Slavonic,
Baltic, Greek and Indo-Iranian languages. It usually appears only in the
first or second part of two-mora syllables and
exhibits a rising or falling intonation according as the first or the second mora is accented. The acute in Greek and Serbo-Croatian
has a rising intonation with an accent laid on the second mora.
The circumflex has a falling intonation with the accent placed on the first mora. J. Kuryłowicz (1952,
1968) studied their rules in comparison to Lithuanian and concluded that
their tones are of different origin. The Lithuanian circumflex carries a
rising tone while the acute a falling tone (Erhart
1982: 63). The Indo-Iranian melodic accent was
evidenced in Vedic texts but its modern survivals are confined to Panjabi, Rajastani, Paxari and Hindi. Panjabi has a low (or falling-rising) tone, middle tone
and high tone (rising or rising-falling). These tones exhibit phonemic
relevance because they distinguish the meaning in similar words ghoŗā /kòŗa/
‘horse’, kohŗā /kōŗa/
‘whip’, koŗā /kóŗa/
‘прокаженный’ (Zograf 1976:
180-1). Nasal vowels. Laponoid
tribes had vowel and consonant systems that were based on palatal and nasal
correlations. Nasal vowels ĩ,
ã, ũ do not regularly
appear in languages with prenasalised stops but
both may have a common origin in dissociated nasals. The Old Slavonic nasals ę, ą are explained either
as ‘nasal diphthongs’ eN, oN where the nasal
quality is concentrated in an independent nasal semivowel N (Trubetzkoy,
Meillet) or they are regarded as pure nasalised vowels K, õ where the nasal
expiratory stream flows during the whole period of oral resonance (Komárek 1969: 22). Their rise may be associated with a
vocalic dissolution of medial clusters -mb-, -nd-,
-ng- that are common in Gallo-Romance languages. Palatal harmony. Laponoid languages often palatalised back vowels after
palatal consonants and changed back vowels o, a into their front counterparts e, ě. This change had nothing to do
with Uralic palatal synharmonism that resulted from
umlaut shift after the dephonologisation of rounded
vowels. Their palatalisation was not associated
with balancing front and back vowels in neighbouring syllables but had a
cause in the dissociation of the palatal component in the preceding
consonant.
Table 145. Vowel systems of European Laponoids Table 145 shows
a quadrangular layout of vowel systems in Gallo-Romance, Celtic, Slavonic and
Saamic languages. The two systems on the left
distinguish the inner rectangle of short vowels i, u, e, o. In Old Slavic short
vowels i, u turned into
ultra-short vowels ь, ъ. The outer rectangle is formed by long vowels i, u, ě, a or ī, ū, ā, ē. As far as open vowels are
concerned, Slavonic and Q-Celtic (Goidelic)
languages carried out shifts a, o
> o and ā, ō > ā. The long vowel a/ā has its palatal
counterpart in the open vowel ě or ē. Their open pronunciation does not
justify transcribing their vocalic quality in Lappish
by æ, . The closed rounded ū usually lost its rounding
and was pronounced as y. Most Q-Celtic vowels had
their nasal counterparts arisen from combinations of vowels with the
following clusters -nt, -nk (Bednarczuk
1988: II, 652, 656, 658). Nasal vowels appear in Lappish, Polabian Drevan, Polish,
Venetian, Gallo-Romance and Raeto-Romance dialects. Projections of Proto-Gallic into
Gallo-Romance dialects can be observed in nasal vowels, satemisation,
palatalisation, unrounded
variants of y/ū < u. Gallo-Italian dialects in Italy
are remarkable for fronting and unrounding u/ū. Indo-European u/ū is reflected in Old Bulgarian and
Church Slavonic as y and Greek (Aeolic) ü. In the Raeto-Romance
group their lawful reflex was ü/i while Gallo-Romance dialects rendered them as ü or u. In (from P. Bělíček: Prehistoric Dialects, |
The Lingual
Phonology of Sanids,
Pygmids, Lappids, Annamites and Sinids The Lappic type
of phonologies is constituted by lingual languages with a non-pulmonic lingual type of consonantism
(Table 7). It produces sounds by ‘a sucking action of the tongue’ that releases ‘a lingual ingressive airstream mechanism’.4 Its typical
representatives are clicks that are uttered with ‘a double closure in the
vocal cavity and an egressive
airstream following the release of the posterior
closure’.5 Further definitions explained them as
‘obstruents articulated with two closures
(points of contact) in the mouth, one forward and one at the back.’6 Clicks
with a clear sucking sound effect appear only in Khoisan
languages of Clicks look incompatible with consonantisms of other African languages but local toponymy in the Namibian neighbourhood abounds in many
place names starting with ts- and tc-. They must be estimated as dephonologised
and garbled clicks. Their sucking sounds resemble the pronunciation of
palatals and sibilant s-affricates, so it is possible that they were applied
as their substitutes in the languages of African Pygmies. Their consonantism teems with palatals, postalveolars
and sibilant affricates. Its phonemes in neighbouring dialects are rewritten
as palatal /by dy gy/ and velarised
affricates /pγ tγ
kγ qγ/.
Such phonological systems acted as ideal Palaeolithic archetypes but owing to
mixing words of different origin in mixed regional domains, they were
integrated into neighbouring hybrid unities. In most cases they were
reproduced as imprints or dephonologised
substitutes.
Table 7. The glottalic and lingual phonology
The Isolating and Reduplicative Morphology of Sanids,
Pygmids, Lappids, Annamites and Sinids Classical historical grammar fulminated
thousands of sound shifts but brought few testimonies of similar radical changes
in grammar, accidence and syntax. Phonological repertories tend to exhibit
radical innovations but they remain unparalleled in other linguistic aspects.
In cultural evolution most grammatical categories remain relatively untouched
and adopt mutations only in suffixal morphemes.
This discrepancy is removed if linguistic analysis focuses on spoken dialects
instead of the official written standard of national languages. This is
another good reason for promoting linguistic typological studies that do not
restrict their focus to describing individual language structures but build
bridges between tongues with similar types of traits. The phonological repertory of Lappids was preserved best among Sanids
in
Table 8. The grammatical morphology of Lappicm,
Sanic and Sinic brachycephals with incineration burials Elementary grammatical systems fall into
three types of nominal and verbal morphology. The gender-oriented morphology is
attributable to the language family of tall dolichocephals
with hand-axe industry and vegetal subsistence. In its original appearance
documented in African, Melanesian and Australian Negrids
it partitioned nouns into classes of animate, inanimate, vegetal and arboreal
classes. These classed were distinguished by prefixes put in front of nouns.
In the Horn of Africa their family ran upon Asiatic races with agglutinating
language structures and transitioned to suffixing morphology of inflecting
type. The group of Asiatic plant-gatherers, hoe-cultivators and
agriculturalists reduced the system of twelve nominal classifiers to the
opposition of animate and inanimate nouns. Their category included humans,
animals, animistic spirits as well as sacral deities. (from
P. Bělíček: The Analytic Survey of European Anthropology, Prague 2018, p.
35-36) |
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