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The
Ancient Tribes of the British
Isles Click on names (red letters) of human
varieties (with yellow background) and read about
their decomposition into ethnic subgroups. Notice traditional fallacies and preconceptions concerning the traditional misleading categories of human races. Clickable terms are red on yellow background. |
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The Ancient tribes of Great Britain and Ireland |
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Angles,
Saxons, Jutes, Frisians as Gothonids
Indo-European origins naturally fall in
with the rise of the Nordic and Caucasoid tall white-skinned dolichocephals. It can be dated back neither to the
Neolithic nor to the Campignian Litorids
(approximate estimate is 10,000 BC), whose birth must have preceded that of
Japanese Jomonians (13,000 BC or even 16,000 BP).
The dating of the European axe-tool Macrolithic and
Micoquian elongated hand-axes (130,000 BP) does not
seem to be sufficient, either. The unity of all boreal northern dolichocephalic hand-axe people may approach to the Acheulean horizon close to 500,000 BP. The earliest
forefathers of all Nordids and Europids
can be seen in Micoquians. The probable ancestors
of all Caucasoids (western Gothids
and eastern Gothonids) may be sought in Acheuleans or their Yabroudian
progeny.
Table 25. Genuine
Indo-European tribes stemming from the Acheulean
axe-tool tradition
The genuine core of Indo-European people was formed by the racial
varieties of tall dolichocephals, who are
traditionally classified as Nordids, Europids and Caucasoids.
However, their designation is not very fortunate and fitting for a lot of
terminological reasons. They can be renamed as the Gothonic
nations of Acheulean origin, who later split into
branches of European Gothids and Asiatic Gothonids. The The demographic prevalence of Gothids and Gothonids in the
European continent was challenged by a number of Asiatic tribes, who
infiltrated their settlements from the east and soon naturalised their hosts
in the new environment. They arrived in
Table 26. The tribal ethnonymy of Gothonic tribes
and castes Table
25 recommends to designate the genuine core of Europoids
as Gothids and subsume the family of
(pre)agriculturalist Caucasoids under the label of Gothonids. It demonstrates their parallels in the names
of chief tribal moieties and phratries. The
decisive criterion for judging their genetic consanguinity and common origin
is found in the resemblance of their ethnonymy. A
reliable guideline for ethnic differentiation in the Germanic area is
provided by plural formation. In English, Frisian, West Flemish and the Lower Saxon Germanic dialects plurals are formed
by adding the suffix -s. The traditional account of s-plurals
considers these plural suffixes as a direct continuation of the IE *-s
due to lack of rhotacism. In Anglo-Saxon and West
Frisian plurals in -s witnessed that Ingaevonic
dialects defended old nominal pluralisation and
felt hostility to umlaut r-plurals. This IE heritage was anxiously
protected also by Istvaeonic
tribes operating in the south. They coincided with the Bell Beaker Folk,
whose migrations ranged from Pseudo-Celtic Adstrata
The complex of B-Celtic family can be defined as a group of Non-Celtic, Pseudo-Celtic
or Allo-Celtic languages that refuse African
labiovelars as alien phonemes defying their phonologic repertory. The group
of B-Celtic languages is referred to as Brittonic, although it is not their typical
representative and their core encompasses several Non-Indo-European dialects.
The genuine Brittonic element is strongest in
tribes burying in long barrows, and its traits considerably differ from
Welsh, Cornish and Cumbric that are traditionally
included in the B-Celtic complex. They were
probably imported by Asiatic invaders of Sarmatoid
and Turcoid stamp because in their consonantism the opposition of fortis-lenis
stops plays a more decisive role than the correlation of voiced and voiceless
sounds. What qualified them all as members of the B-Celtic family was just
the lack of labiovelar consonants. In fact, they were reluctant also to
accepting other Africanisms, prenasalisation
and postnasalisation, nasal vowels, tonal
accentuation, melodic intonation and the opposition of habitual and progressive
tenses. Although there exist no firm
boundaries dividing Eteo-Celts from Pseudo-Celts,
we can partition the latter group into three factions: (1)
Epi-Aterian and Epi-Solutrean
ancestors of Baskids and other megalith builders, (2)
Hallstattian Sarmatids
(800 BC) with horseback-riding cavalry and chariot burials. (3)
Mesolithic Turanids with rock shelters, rock
paintings and rock-cut caves, (4)
Epi-Aurignacian and Epi-Levalloisian
Tungids with lake-dwellings and row alignments
of
menhirs, stellae
and other types of standing stones, (5) Europoid
Gothonids with long dolichocephalic
heads. *
1. Basco-Dinarids: tall round-headed brachycephals with convex aquiline noses. *
1a. Baskids:
Iberian Vascones, Basques, Spanish
megalith-builders. *
1b. Ogres: Atlantic folktale ogres (Scots, Picts, Scandinavians, Varangians),
who lived in broch castles and buried their dead in
round *
2. Norids: mutated
types of Danubian herders, eastern Sarmatids and Uralids with flat
faces. *
2a. Sarmatids: Hallstattian settlers (800 BC), who extended Sarmatian chariot burials from the *
2b. Eteo-Norids: taller meso-
and brachycephals with flat faces and high
protruding cheekbones. *
3. Turanids: imported from *
3a. Iberids (Epi-Magdalenian, Epi-Azilian
and Epi-Tardenoisian Turanids
with microlithic tools): goat-keepers with the
Y-DNA haplogroup R1b-M343, who dwelt in artificial
rock-cut caves and produced burnished ware, Celtiberians,
Eburones, Eburovices,
Etruscans, Irish Iverni or Hyberni. *
3b. Teutonic Cimbroids
(Epi-Maglemosian bog-dwelling boat-people with the
Y-DNA haplo-group R1a-M420, they encroached on
Celtic tribes in northwest *
3c. Punoids (Tartessani, Turduli,
Turdetani, Carthaginians, 800 BC):
maritime fishermen, pirates and cliff-dwellers with vertical shafts, related
to Lycians, Cilicians
and Cypriots (17,000 BC), *
4. Gracile Mediterranids:
slim mesocephals with gracile
tall faces and hyperleptorrhine noses. *
4a. Polonians: Epi-Aurignacian nomadic fishers surviving dominantly in
Poles and Bulgarians and partly also in the Chasséen
and La Tène Culture. *
4b. Pelasgids: the
residual race of Cardial Tungids,
Levalloisian fishers and ‘sea peoples’ responsible for orthognathous,
leptorrhine and leptoprosopic
countenance of white Euroasian races. *
5. Gothids: tall, long-headed, white-skinned and
blue-coloured Europoid races with axe-tools. *
5a. Danubian Europids: the Linear Ware people called Langobards, Langiones, Buri and Quadi,
propagators of the Neolithic agriculture in Southern and Central *
5b. Littoralids or Litorids (dolichocephalous phenotypes of medium stature
often denoted as Atlanto-Mediterranids): the
Bell-Beaker Folk with the Y-DNA haplogroup I2a-M26. Baskids. The race of giant ogres and ogresses belonged to
the ruling caste of Basque-Scottish cairn-builders and had little to do with
their Celtic bondsmen. They attained a privileged position by importing and
propagating the skills of the Bronze Age metallurgy in European countries.
The Bronze Age technology ensured them leadership in tribal confederations
and chieftaincies. Their wealth initiated customs of building megalithic
tombstones in their honour. Their ancestors lived in poor beehive huts and
buried their dead wrapped in a long piece of cloth under dome-shaped stone Basco-Scytho-Ugric cultural morphology Funeral architecture: dolmen, cairn ( Monumental architecture: broch ( Baskids,
megalith-builders: [Vascones – Vasates – Sotiates
( Dinarids, tumulus
cultures, Hügelgräber: [Mattiaci – Seducii – Angrivarii
– Fosi ( Cyclopes: [Mycenaeans – Argolids/Argives] + [Mysians ( Scythoids: [Abkhaz – Abazin – Maeotians] + [Matiana – Media –
The megalith-building tribes are
recognised as a special anthropological stock only in the Basque Baskids but little attention is paid to their relations
other races of giant ogres in Such similarities suggest the hypothesis of the
common origin of megalith-builders in the Aterian, Solutrean, Szeletian, Lincombian,
Ranisian and Jerzmanowician area uniting cultures with leaf-shaped spearheads. These cultures were linked by one belt
of the epi-Mousterian techno-complex leading from Celtic tribes lived in volatile tribal
confederations with a variegated stratification of castes. In the Bronze Age
the upper-caste was represented by the fabulous race of ogres composed mainly
from Basques and Scots. They acted as the dominant military and
administrative superstratum residing in dome-shaped
forthills called brochs, nuraghi or talaiots. The
latter were constructed from thick walls by methods of dry-stone vaulting
without addition of mortar. Their bondsmen and hirelings were genuine Eteo-Celts, who served as the most populous substratum
able to absorb its rulers and integrate them into the hold-all Celtic unity.
Their subordinate standing was perceptible from the fact that their cremation
burials were situated on the periphery of ogrish forthills. Hallstattian Norids. In the Iron Age the glory of ogrish
forthills faded down, their walls dilapidated and
were rebuilt as oppida by new landlords of the Hallstattian stock. The anthropologists classify them as gracilised Hallstatt Nordids in belief that they celebrate the lordly race of
white full-blooded Aryans. In fact, the Hallstattian
skulls betray a mixture of Danubian Europids with Sarmatids bearing
residual Mongolic traits. Their identification with Aryans is correct since
the Hallstattians descended from the Sarmatian Aryas with
horse-drawn chariots. They interred their chieftains in mounds with their
horses and chariots and built fortified oppida with
towers, bastions and crenels. The native
homeland of chariot-burials was in Sintashta-Petrovka
culture (2100–1800 BC) in the Chelyabinsk
Oblast of Russia. Here they learnt the local Iranian dialects of
Indo-European origin. Their cultural influence bedimmed the fact that they
were consanguine relatives of Uralids and Ugrids and younger brothers of Eurasian kurgan-builders.
Their people lived as horse pastoralists in steppe
grasslands of Mediterranean Tungids. The Scythian and Sarmatian rulers were welcomed in Lake-dwellers colonised lake districts of western Europe
in several waves. The last wave caused the revitalisation and spread of the
La Tène merchants from Epi-Cardial Pelasgids.
Aurignacian Tungids had remote relatives, who had occupied the
Mediterranean coasts since time immemorial. Hypothetically speaking, their
earliest forefathers were Levalloisians with
flake-tool industry knapped from a well-prepared platform. Neolithic
excavations disclosed their descendants as manufacturers of the Cardial Ware. It was adorned by imprints
of the shell of the cockle, a mollusk known as Cardium edulis. Their seaside ecotype
was reminiscent of the IE littoralists, so Joseph Denikers classified them as Littoralids.
The Cardial Ware, however, linked tribes with
cultural morphology similar to Levalloisian fishers and lake-dwellers. They
occupied the tectonic Great Depression spanning from the Jordan Rift to lakes
in Levalloisians. Their Levalloisian ethnic identity is usually impugned,
archaeologists have arrived at the dogmatic conclusion that they did not
represent an ethnic tribe but just a method of knapping. In their opinion the
Levalloisian culture denotes only a specific formal type of technology
applicable to all civilisations. Notwithstanding, about 500,000 BP the
Levalloisian people credibly expanded along the long migration route from Divinities and their
tutelary animals: Baal/Apollo/Lykaios – wolf,
Artemis/Diana – bear, Leto – swan, Divine twins: Dioscuroi Castor and Pollux,
Apollo – Artemis/Diana, Gemini, Lel – Polel ( Pelasgians (Pelasgiotes) ® Belegezites ( Epi-Cardial-Ware: [Epi-Ahmarian: Palestinian/Philistine – Dan
(Levant)] + [Eteo-Cretan
– Delian – Peloponnese] +
[Lydian – Carian – Leleg] + [Danaan – Pelasgian – Paeonian (Macedonia) – Larissan] + [Dalmatian – Illyrian – Carinthian] + [Daunian – Apullian] + [Faliscan – Latin – Paelignian] + [Dolomitian – Bellunese – Ladin
– Piavianh] + [Ligurian?
– Corsican] + [Pelendones
– Carni (Spain)] Epi-Cardial Pelasgoids with conic roundhouses:
Italian Apulli and Dauni with trullo huts + Spanish Pelendones with palozza huts + Scottish
Dumnonii with the lake-dwelling
crannogs + Irish Firbolgs1 Epi-Latenians: [La Tène, France, 450 BC]
® Belgae (before
100 BC) in Gallia Belgica and Belgium
® [Belgae in Britain ® Cornish/Kernowek (Wales) ® Tuatha Dé Danann
(Irish cherry-tree growers)] Funeral architecture: oval pitgraves, fossa graves,
ochre burials with corps sprinkled by ochre powder Sacral architecture: menhirs, standing stones, stone rows, stone alignments Popular secular
architecture: roundhouses, crannogs, duns in the sense of ‘stone-built
fortified settlements’ with ‘roundhouses’, ‘low forts’ and ‘cities styled as
urban market places’; their ground-plan is characterised by streets along
rows of semidetached houses facing the waterside Table 36. Epi-Aurignacian and Pelasgoid Epi-Cardial cultural
morphology Trullo.
The architectural style of East African rondavels
is imitated by the trullo house in Italian Apullia.
Its conical roof lies on a higher cylindrical wall. In Murgia
such houses are called casedda.
Instead of straw thatching they have a higher cylindrical vault from
limestone blocks. They adjoin to one another as semidetached constructions.
They usually face the riverside bank and preserve alignment of streets and
row houses parallel to the flowing river stream. Palozza.
One of residues of archaic lake-dwellings in Crannog. Conical roofs and
circular ground-plan are typical also of the Scottish crannag
and Irish crannóg. They stand on an
artificial island formed by a platform from wooden timber logs. The pointed
top of the roof differs from Tungusic tepees by
lacking crossed poles. Its design seems to be derived from rondavels popular in eastern coasts of Megalithism influenced all archaeological cultures of western
Europe and gave them an imprint of patterns peculiar to the Asiatic Kurgan
people. Atlantic megalithisation and Asiatic kurganisation took course as parallel processes
reinforced by the consanguine peoples of Basco-Scytho-Ugrid
giants. Megalithism was a reflection of the growing
military power of chieftains in the leadership of tribal confederacies.
Ordinary commoners did not live in large dome-shaped tholoi
but in low beehive huts out of wattle and straw. They were not buried in huge
tumuli and kurgans but had to content with eternal rest under simple
heaps of stones (pile burials) common among Namibian Khoikhoi
herders. Bascoid B-Celts represented Non-Celtic
populations that had nothing common with Alpinoid
Celts except for infiltrating into their homeland. Thus
Proto-Celtic kʷ developed into Irish k but
in Welsh it rendered b. For instance, B-Celtic reproduced the Irish word mac as
Welsh mab and Gaulish mapos since
these B-Celtic languages lacked labiovelars kw,
gw in their phonological repertory. English queen
and Old Norse kvenn corresponds to Welsh benyw and Irish ban.1 |
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British Celts
Romance and Italic languages that look like its Q-Celtic subdivisions.
Their consistence is undermined by the cuckoo’s eggs pushed under from
without into their hatch. Their original prehistoric shapes are distorted by
a number of inorganic additions of heterogeneous components absorbed later
amidst their homeland. In the case of Romance languages a lot of dogmatic
prejudices have been dispelled by the Adopting a
realistic approach to Celtic anthropology requires distinguishing several
incompatible ethnic substrata and racial layers. They consist of The genuine
of core of Celts reduced to Eteo-Celts was formed
by several streams of short-sized brachycephals
drifting from Alpinids. A critical revision of the Celtic family
advises to reduce the extent of its intrinsic genetic boundaries only to the racial
variety of Alpines, Alpinoids and Alpinids. They are described as low-skulled,
brachycephalous roundheads with a short stocky,
thickset figure. They had a small round chin, small concave noses, brown hair
and light-brown skin. Their appearance was depicted pregnantly
by Hans Günther: “the
Alpine race is thick-set and broad. The average height of the Alpine man is
about interpreted the Fir Bolg clan as the Érainn (Irish) people equivalent to Belgae. He was convinced that Iverni were identical to the Irish subgroup known as the Builg. * Iberoid
Hiberni: a population of cave-dwelling
deer-hunters identifiable with the Cresswellian
culture (13,000BP) that occupied Britain as an
offshoot of the continental Magdalenians (13,000 BP); their British ethnonyms
were Cimbri (Cornwall), Cymry (Wales),
Cumbri (North Britain northwest of York,
ancient Eburodunum), Hebrides, inhabitants of Inner and Outer Hebrides. These
names echo also in the Scottish place name * Pre-Gothoid Partholons: the first agriculturalists, who taught
the natives to employ the ox and plough; their description looks antedated
but may refer to the early Gothoid axe-tool
cultures of Littorids in Britain, the Larnian culture in north Ireland and the Obanian complex on western Scotland. Their descendants
may be sought in the dolichocephalous people with long skulls, who interred
the dead in long barrows. These ethnic factions were probably responsible for
importing Neolithic agriculture to * Fir Bolg Pelasgoids: the
sons of Dela and the first race of Tungusoid nomadic fishermen in the * Epi-Latenian Belgae: migrants of the continental La Tène culture that is erroneously counted to Celts;
they came about 500 BC as caste of patricians who got rich by trade, merchantry and seafaring. The natives remembered them as
gentle cultivated people, who imported planting and growing cherry-trees in * Gaelic Eteo-Celts: the
short-sized brachycephalous race of Eteo-Celts that arrived to Table 39. The
ethnic and racial layers in the population of
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1
Jiří A. Svoboda: The Gravettian
on the Middle Danube. PALEO. Revue d'archéologie
préhistorique 19, 2007.
2 Édouard Dupont: Sur les crânes de Furfooz. Compte-rendu du Congrès de Préhistoire. 6, 1872: 555–559.
1
F. Cruciani et al.: Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern
Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues
from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24 (6): 2007: 1300-1311.
1 T. F. O'Rahilly: Early Irish History and Mythology. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1946.