The prehistoric Oldowans did not have their stable clan organisation and more permanent tribal ethnonymy. As a consequence, they did not leave durable vestiges of ethnic clan hierarchy in their place names and it is not possible to find common roots of their phratries. The Congids display a lot of toponyms with the root Cong- and the Bantuids abound in the tribal name Nde. The ethnic label of the Bantu probably arose by adding the animate plural prefix ba- to the root Nte or Nde. Chinese Sino-Negrids later produced their own independent ethnonymy several thousand years ago. The Neolithic changes welcomed them as Hoabinhians but now they survive as the Hmong-Mien stock. American Negrids were remote descendants of Chinese Homo erectus lantianensis but did not inherit his ethnonymy. Now they chiefly distinguish the Tupí and Guaraní branch of their family and these ethnonyms cannot be older than 10,000 years.

Australo-Negrids (cca 30 000 BP): extreme archaic platyrrhinia, prognathism, dolichocephaly, residual crista sagittalis characteristic of Homo erectus; ethnonyms with prenasalised stops ^mb-, ⁿd-, ⁿg-, which stand in correlation to voiced consonants.

Australo-Lappids, Negrito Sinids, Lake Mungo site (Negrito diaspora, 56,000 BC): short-sized stature with short lower extremities, brachycephaly, pearl shells as pubic covering called jakuli or riji in Baada, bead-belts with pubic shell and meander-like key-pattern ornamentation; humpy lean-to, windbreak shelters, cremation burials; reduplicative morphology, Windowinda, Wembawemba, Wandandian, ethnonymic roots Kal-/Gal-, Wend-/And-/Ind-.

Australo-Tungids (30 000 BP): a continuation of Austro-Tungids such as Telugu, Tulu in Dravidian India, tribes speaking the Formosan languages of Taiwan and Tagalog on the Philippines related also to Malaysian, Indonesian and Hawaiian; ethnonymic roots Bal-, Tung/Dan-, Ker-; atlatl spear-throwers. pit-graves with ochre burials, lakeside ecotype, archaic proto-tepee huts, conical round lodges from crossed poles; gracile slender body-build, Y-haplogroups C4-M343, 60.2 %, C*-M130, 2.0 %.

Australo-Turanids (cca 30 000 BP): Y-haplogroups R1-M173, circumcision, knife-throwers, sickle-shape boomerang throwing, loincloth, cave-paintings, cave shelters with Azilian-like imprints of phalanges, phallomorphous shamans with herds of wild small game, X-ray representation of killed animals with translucent intestines for hepatomancy and divination from livers.

Australo-Ugrids (cca 30 000 BP): a continuation of Munda beehive-dwellers with mummification and burial rock-pile mounds in India, Aranda people and ethnonymic roots in Manda-, Yurak-.

Australo-Littoralids (cca 30 000 BP): shell midden cultures, littoral beachcombers, Y-haplogroup K*.

Table 2. The analytic typology and taxonomy of Aboriginal Australians

The ethnonymy of Australian black men does not depend upon on Hoabinhian sources, either. However, it may be recognised easily by the bisyllabic relief of clan names with voiced stops prenasalised the first initial position as well as in the second syllable. Other ethnic and tribal minorities arrived in Australia with an accomplished system of tribal organisation and transplanted archaic Eurasian ethnonyms to the then Sahul and the now Australian continent.

The anthropology of Australian racial varieties cannot rely only on ethnonymy and anthropometric measurements. It must involve into its scope also ethnographic cultural ethnology that makes it possible to links Australian Aborigines with their Eurasian progenitors. This is why Table 10 strives to coordinate racial indices with ethnic peculiarities in architecture, clothing, divination and burial customs. The evidenced diversity of the haplotype genetic pool can be interpreted as a proof of multiple invasions of heterogeneous tribes of different ethnic origin. When compared to New Guinean explorations, Aboriginal populations in Australia bear relatively low percentages of the Melanesian haplogroup M, which must be due to the dominant superposition of the Australo-Tungids with the C type. Notwithstanding, judging according to tribal ethnonyms with the prenasalised stops ^mb-, ⁿd-, ⁿg-, they represented a very populous substratum.

In the 1910s the school of diffusionist anthropology managed to revolutionise the 19^th century dogmatic thought by opposing the popular belief that all continents had one unique ancestor. It admitted migratory diffusion and refuted insisting on theories that all continents had been populated by one member of Homo sapiens, who fathered all local subspecies. The comparative evidence of archaeology demonstrates that all continental races had obvious typological parallels in Eurasia or Africa. It is much more probable that Oceania, Polynesia, Australia and America were visited by several diverse types of archaeological cultures, whose bearers exhibited incompatible racial traits. Despite subsequent secondary acculturation their archaeological complexes bore evident resemblance to the well-known human stocks of Eurasian and African prehistory.

Ecotypes	Anthropological and cultural traits
herbivores ulotrichous chamaerrhines	genuine Australids or Australo-Negrids with the ABO group O and Y-DNA haplogroup M, plant-gathering and vegetal subsistence, dolichocephalous skull with broad platyrrhine noses and high nasal indices, prenasalised stops
Lacustrines lake-dwellers ichthyophages	Australo-Tungids, riveside and lakeside ecotypes, nomadic fishermen, round conical tents with crossed poles, pit graves, ochre burials, the dead corpses are besprinkled with red hematite paint, Y-DNA haplogroups C4 and C2
Troglodytes cave-dwellers ichthyophages	petroglyphs, rock painting with imprints of phalanges, roentgen drawings of animals for hepatomancy and haruspicy from the entrails killed game, curved boomerangs and knives used as weapons, archaic Y-haplogroup R1-173
Littoralists beach-combers	shell midden, sand-dune dump of kitchen waste, rectangular monopitched huts tall stature, dolichocephalous skulls, low head indices
Mummifiers beehive dwellers	beehive huts in circular campsites, the dead corpses are anointed and wrapped in long pieces of cloth, graves are covered by piles of stones, Y-haplogroup Q
Insectivores incinerators	lean-to summer huts, semidugout dwellings, short stature, Negrito constitution, brachycephalous heads, curly ulotrichous hair, cremation burials

Table 3. The systematic classification of Australian aboriginal tribes

Human races do not arise in a few hundreds of years, their germination lasts more than tens and hundreds of millennia. What differs the Australian Aborigines from African Negrids is not a new racial outgrowth but different rates of the archaic Oldowan heritage preserved in their blood. It survived although many traits were partly lost or receded due to contacts with alien neighbours. The clear and elucidating implication of the diffusionist philosophy of ethnic groups is that they inherit one principal paternal strain but blend it with maternal genetic strains. On one hand, they inherit the genetic pool of the ancestors in their original homeland, and on the other hand, they hybridise it with traits acquired in their new outland plantations. As a result, it makes no sense to invent new names for continental varieties and derive their origin from subclades of the first colonists. Population genetics confirms that almost all continents have at least small admixtures of all human haplogroups. No continent was populated only by one sole race and by one DNA haplogroup. Continental paradises tend to have one dominant race and unequal rates of several subdominant assimilated races. The only reasonable anthropological nomenclature may be devised by compounds indicating reference to archetypal stocks but comprising also reference to their secondary continental location.

So Australia is generally recognised as a home of Australids denotable as Australo-Negrids but its haplogenetic dominant is the Y-DNA type C4 related to C2. This genetic group is typical of Tungids, the Tagalog in the Philippines and Polynesian Tongan tribes. So one of the most populous factions among Australian Aborigines are Australo-Tungid remarkable for pit-grave burials besprinkled by ochre paint. A convenient proposal of systematic racial taxonomy of Australian and Oceanic variants is put forward in Tables 9 and10.

Extract from Pavel Bělíček: The Differential Analysis of the Wordwide Human Varieties, Prague 2018,

pp. 38-48.