Democritus                                         

Reformatorium

Prehistoric tribes

Prehistoric races

Prehistoric languages

Prehistoric haplogroups

     Genetic taxonomy

     Ethnic taxonomy

     Europids

     Nordids

     Indids

     Littoralids

     Caucasoids

     Elamitoids

     Negrids

     Melanids

     Tungids

     Pelasgids

     Cimbroids

     Turanids 

     Ugro-Scythids

     Uralo-Sarmatids

     Lappids

     Sinids

                   Haplogroups of the southern Turanids with R1b

                         Clickable terms are red on yellow background

Map 1. The Y-DNA diaspora of the southern Austro-Turanids with the haplogroup R1b

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Map 2. The Tree of Evolutionary Migrations of the Y-Haplogroup R1b

Map 3.  The distribution of Y DNA haplogroup R1-M173 (Eupedia)

Turanids: Rock-cut Grave Cultures with Microliths

   Tungusoids were akin to the fraternal Urstamm of Turcoids or Turanids. Both stocks favoured the waterside ecotype and lived on nomadic fishing. Their direct descent from Raymond Dart’s osteodontoceratic culture is difficult to prove but it appears to be a plausible hypothesis. Beside knapped flake-tools without retouch their favourite instruments were bones used as daggers and antlers employed as pics or pick-axes for hewing rocks. Before 50,000 BP their earliest common ancestors (Y DNA P-M45) may have split into Levalloisian leptolithic cultures with long thin blades and proto-microlithic cultures with smaller microblades. Their archaic ancestors in marshlands alternated dry tree-dwellings in summer with abodes in caves and under rock overhangs in cold winters. Their fishing subsistence in waterside areas was usually supplemented by hunting small game, chiefly deer, goats and antelopes.

   The ancients knew these fishermen and seafarers as dangerous corsairs and buccaneers living on piracy. Thanks to annals of the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses III they became reputed as ‘Sea Peoples’ (peuples de la mer) consisting of several fraternal stocks. The Pelasgoid and Tungusoid branch included Pelasgians (Peleset) and Danaids (Denyen), whereas the Turcoid branch comprised the Etruscan Tyrrhenians (Tereš) and the Sicilian Siculi (Šekeleš).2 They used to occupy high promontories on opposite sides of narrow straits such as Scylla and Charybdis and lurked here for ships of foreign seafarers. Along rocky coasts they hewed out cliff-dwellings with vertical shafts and horizontal corridors. Their boats did not control only the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, about 11,000 BC they colonised also the south reaches of the Indian subcontinent.

   Their Greek tribesmen produced grey burnished pottery and were called Graikoi. They dominated Greece in mythic times of the Helladic Civilisation when the rule was seized by the warrior caste of the Titanids headed by their divine sovereign Kronos. In southern India their tribes were identified as Dravidians notable for producing grey burnished pottery. After taking hold of supremacy over maritime trade in the Indian Ocean they continued with assaults on the Malay Peninsula and the South Chinese Sea. Here they became feared as ‘pirates of the southern seas’ inhabiting ‘stilt-houses’ and post-dwellings on seaside beaches. From here they launched adventurous expeditions over Oceania as Polynesian voyagers.

   Turcoid clan names hint at the Altaic cults of the Father Sky Tengri, a divine cultural hero, who assumed the role of the highest deity in religions of Asiatic monotheism. He was said to have created the world with the aid of his brother and antipode Erlik, who featured as the god of evil and a notorious wrong-doer. While Tengri taught people arts, knowledge and morals of good virtuous behaviour, Erlik drove them to wars, death and injustice. He earned this unenviable role as a punishment for his hereditary sin consisting in the murder of a divine messenger. Tengri deposed him and appointed him lord of the netherworld inhabited by souls of the dead.

   Tengri’s skirmishes with his brother resemble quarrels in the celestial family of the Polynesian sky god Tagaro (Maori Tangaroa, Tahitian Ta'aroa, Samoan Tagaloa). His cognomens appear in the kingdom of Tonga and derive from the ethnonym Tung-, which is appended either by the Tungusoid suffix in -l or the Turcoid ending in -r. The former sounds in ethnonyms such as Tagalog, Tulu, Telugu and Tokelauan, the latter is perceptible in Tongarevan, Tangaroa or Ta'aroa. Languages of Turcoid and Tungusoid fishermen displayed much structural symmetry but differed in the predominance of the sonants -r and -l. The Turcoid moiety took a fancy to rhotacism with the overabundance of r-sounds whereas the Tungusoid moiety insisted on lambdacism with plenty of l-sounds. Turcoid seafarers employed r-plurals, while Tungusoid lake-dwellers retained the original l-plurals. The former loved initial affricates dr-, tr- with apical r-retroflexives (cacuminals), while the latter preferred affricates dl-, tl- with laminal l-retroflexives (surd laterals), and therefore carried out sound shifts dl → l, tl → l.

   In opposition to European languages their consonantism was based on initial voiceless tenues and medial intervocalic surd phonemes. The alveolar sounds t, d, n, l, s, z had retroflex counterparts ṭ, ḍ, ṇ, ḷ, ɾ̣, ṣ, ẓ that were pronounced as rhotic cacuminal or lateral retroflex sounds. Their dephonologisation led to affricates tl-, dl- in Pele-Thongan languages of East Africa, Anatolian dialects and Uto-Aztecan tongues in North America. High frequency of retroflex phonemes is observed in Dravidian languages of India. Here r-cacuminals abound in Turcoid Tamil and l-retroflex stops teem in Telugu.

   Both branches shared the common ancestor deity god Tung/Tun/Dan- but his spelling Tengri revealed Turcoid rhotacism, whereas the Polynesian divinity Tagaloa manifested Tungusoid lambdacism. The composition Tung + -r yielded the Altaic theonym Tengri, the ethnonym of the Belgian tribe Tungri1, and most probably also ethnonymic names of Turks, Tyrrhenians and Etruscans. The second phratry of Turcoids bore the name Hun-/Cum- and its plural form in Turcoid languages sounded Hun + -ir → Hunnir ‘Huns’. Strabo2 gave a detailed description of life in Cumae, a Cimbrian colony of pirates near Naples. Adding the plural r-ending to the root Hun-/Cum- gave rise to diverse names for Cimbrian tribes: Cum-/Hun- + r → Cimbri, Kimmerioi, Kimbern, Cambrians, Cymri, Ambrones, Umber, Northumberland. Similar suffixation must have led to the ethnonym Tat-/Teut- + ar → Tatar/Tartar.

   The ancient Cimmerians (Greek Κιμμέριοι) lived in Russia north of the Caucasus and were reckoned as Iranians. One group of historians identifies Cimbri with Celts on account of the Welsh Cymri and the name Cambria for Wales. Strabo mentioned a tribe Teutani settled in Campania and the Celtic Toutones, who probably worshipped the Celtic deity Teutamus.3 Another group of historians attributes the tribal name Cimbri to Teutons owing to Plutarch’s Life of Marius. In the Battle of Aquae Sextiae Gaius Marius beat the Germanic alliance of Cimbrii, Teutones et Ambrones, who were supposed to have come from Jutland. Their allies were spelled Teutones or Toutones. Tacit’s story4 traced the Germanic stock to three grandsons of Mannus born to his son Tuisto. Their names Irmin, Ingvo and Istvo are said to have divided into Herminiones (Markomani, Hermunduri, Quadi), Ingwaeones (Jutes, Angles, Saxons, Frisians) and Istwaeones (Franks, Swabians).5

    A simple explanation of these discordances is offered by archaeology revealing difference between the Maglemosian Microlithic culture (9,000 BC) and the Ertebølle culture (ca 5300 BC) known for producing the Corded Ware pottery. The Germanic language family originated by fusing these two heterogeneous cultures into one amalgam blending two components. The upper superstratum was formed by the Maglemosian tribes Cimbrii, Teutones and Irminiones (Germans), who manufactured microlithic industry and bore the Y DNA haplogroup R1a. Their original homeland lay in caves of the Trans-Caspian Kelteminar culture, the birthplace of all Turcoid nations. Their ethnic element infiltrated the autochthonous substratum of genuine Indo-European tribes including the Goths (Jutes), Frisians, Angles and Saxons. They were pure Indo-Europeans and exhibited the Y DNA haplogroups I1 and I2. They displayed the pure Nordic physiognomy with tall robust stature and dolichocephalous skulls and buried their dead by interment in long barrows. As a result of their mixing, Germanic languages were mixed with a strong admixture of Turcoid traits (r-plurals, umlaut vowels, rhotacism, retroflexed cacu-minals, SOV word-order and N(ominative)G(enitive)) attributes. Their territories were conquered by hordes of alien bog people with microlithic flakes, the earliest ancestors of the Nordic Vikings and the Irish Fomoire.

The anthropogenesis of Austro-Turanids

The southern branch (R1b-M343) turned up as the Magdalenian culture marching to France. Its people also descended from the Turcoid homeland in Kyrgyzstan and around the Altai Mountains but differed from their northern brothers by rock shelters and dwellings in artificial rock-hewn caves. All Turanids were waterside people searching for settlements on rivers and lakes, yet some tribesmen embedded in dry arid areas. As a result, their mainstream reduced fishing subsistence and passed to hunting antelopes and later to breeding goats. They had to do with Semitic shepherds in the Near East, who were affiliated with the Hebrew and Nabateans. So their convenient catchword might be something like Hebroids. The Semitic Akkadians, ancient Hebrew priests and Hammurabi’s Babylonian dynasty wore turbans but their languages preserved few remains of the Turcoid family because of the dominant position of Levalloiso-Mousterian ethnic element in the Palaeolithic Levant. Semitic rock-cut caves and burial chambers betrayed close relationship with the Oise-Marne-Seine in Western Europe and Magdalenian ancestry.

One of their Microlithic stocks was known to Herodot as the Erythrean Ichthyophagi (Fish-of Eaters), who lived on maritime fishing, seafaring and piracy. Their heritage was transplanted to the Mediterranean Phoenicians, who took over their seafaring and piratical trade. Owing to Punic havens in North Africa, the groups of their Mediterranean colonies may be referred to as Punoids. Their forefathers lived in cliff-dwellings hewn in seaside crags situated on narrow straits. They lurked for lonely ships of sailors and swooped on their crew as buccaneers. Strabo described such Cimbrian settlements at the Italian town Cumae and the ancient Greek denoted them as Isthmos Kimmerikos. Their names identified them as Tauri, Tyrsenes, Cimbri or Kimmerii along several migratory routes:

Table 24. The anthropogeny of  Austro-Turanids

The Genealogy of Turanids

    Tacit’s genealogy of Germanic nations derived their descent from the mythic forbears Mannus – Tuisto – Irmin/Hermin – Istvo. These ethnonyms occurred also in genealogies of the Natufian and Kebarian microlithic cultures in Palestine. They were recognised in the Akkadian divine trinity Tiamat – Mummu – Apsu, in the Egyptian triad of gods Thovt – Horus/Hermes – Osiris and also in the Phoenician deities Taautus, Moloch and Astarte. Greek mythology acknowledged their tribal counterparts in the Thessalian triplet Maia – Hermes – Pan or the names of Titanids Tethys – Typhon (sea dragon) – Manes – Tartaros (the lord of the underworld cliff-dwelling cave) – Geryon (the ruler of a submarine cave) – Chimaira (leonine goat) – Kerberos (dog). The Germanic Mannus and the Indian divine progenitor Manu were both described as the first people on earth who founded the human stock. These myths indicate that they kept a subservient position with respect to the divine giant races of Megalithic Cyclopes. The legend about the terrific world deluge1 was not known only to the Hebrews and the Kimbern in Jutland but also to Proto-Malays and Australian aboriginal boomerang-throwers. 

The Maglemosian bog people arrived in northwest Europe through the Swiderian culture in Poland and Byelorussia and displayed the Y DNA haplogroup R1a. Another mainstream of colonists headed for the Near East, Central Africa and South Europe and exhibited the Y DNA haplogroup R1b. They did not live and bury their dead in bogs but inhabited rock-cut cliff-dwellings and buried their deceased in artificial rock-hewn caves. According to a plausible hypothesis their kinsfolk in the Natufian and Kebarian microlithic culture founded plantations of Semitic Hebroids and Phoenician seafarers. The latter gained control of the Mediterranean Sea and emerged in France as Magdalenian microlith cultures. Their ethnonyms ring distinctly in the nationalities of Iberians, Eburones, Eburovices, Hiberni and possibly also in the Greek name of Εὐρώπη for the European continent. The same name Európa was given to a daughter of the Phoenician king Agenor, whose son Cadmus conquered Thebes. Their heritage was later taken over by the Azilian, the Sauvetterian and the Seine-Oise-Marne culture. The latter was remarkable for hewing rock-cut burial caves and galleries. In the Near East such burial customs were used by the Hebrew, Nabateans and Sudanic Nubians. In Israel rock-hewn caves were introduced by the Jewish ancestor Abraham, who founded the Cave of the Patriarchs for his wife Sarah.2 

Table 25. The cultural paradigm of Turcoid peoples

The Maglemosian bog people arrived in northwest Europe through the Swiderian culture in Poland and Byelorussia and displayed the Y DNA haplogroup R1a. Another mainstream of colonists headed for the Near East, Central Africa and South Europe and exhibited the Y DNA haplogroup R1b. In the north they lived in bogs and often also buried the dead in their depths. On the other hand, their southern Magdalenian tribesmen inhabited rock-cut cliff-dwellings and buried their deceased in artificial rock-hewn caves. According to a plausible hypothesis their kinsfolk in the Natufian and Kebarian microlithic culture founded plantations of Semitic Hebroids and Phoenician seafarers. The latter gained control of the Mediterranean Sea and emerged in France as a migratory wave of Magdalenian microlith cultures. Their ethnonyms ring distinctly in the nationalities of Iberians, Eburones, Eburovices, Hiberni and possibly also in the Greek name of Εὐρώπη for the European continent. The same name Europa was given to a daughter of the Phoenician king Agenor, whose son Cadmus conquered Thebes. Their heritage was later taken over by the Azilian, the Sauvetterian and the Seine-Oise-Marne culture.

The Semitic Hebroids abandoned fishing and maritime piracy in favour of goat-keeping. They were accustomed to cut artificial caves as dwellings for the quick as well as the departed dead. One mainstream of Cushitic migrants wandered to the Horn of Africa and spread in three currents to central and southern Africa. Map 7 shows their propagation in hordes of the Tschitolian, Nachikufan, Eburran, Matopan and Wilton cultures. Their descendants survived as the Herero and Tutsi pastoralists and the Rwanda people remarkable for languages with rhotacism. The etymology of the African continent is explained from the expression αφρίκη, aphrike based on the Phoenician term Afar referring in the plural to the land of Afri. The Tutsi tribes openly endorse their Israeli descent.

Cultural customs of the northern Maglemosian and southern Magdalenian stream show many conspicuous coincidences. The Germanic divine forefather Irmin/Hirmin must have been akin to the Greek god Hermes, the patron of messengers and goat-breeding herdsmen because both of them were venerated by worshipping phallomorphous idols. Hermes was formally adopted into Zeus’ family as a stepson owing to his liaison with Maia. In Egypt he was venerated as Horus, son of Thovt/Thoth and Eset. His tribal religion adored phallomorphous effigies hermai (ἑρμαῖ), statues of Hermes depicted with a pronounced head and a phallus. Ancient Greeks used them as termini or boundary stones, which links them with milestones erected by the king Hammurappi in Babel. He must have been of Cimmerian origin since his code of law passed an enactment ordering to build phallic milestones on frontiers of the kingdom. His name alluded to Kimmerians and so did the biblical city Gomorrah that won ill repute for practices of sodomy. The association of Cimmerians with the Germanic Kimbern, Teutons and Herminiones is confirmed by finds of the statue idols called Irminsul. They looked like tree trunks towering in open plains and worshipped by pagan priests. Tacitus’ Germania mentioned them as ‘Pillars of Hercules’ in Frisia. Hercules was venerated by the Dorians as their predecessor and cultural hero.

Microlith cultures drifted also to the east and became widespread in Dravidian and Assamese India. The German ethnologist Robert Heine-Geldern studied Chinese chronicles and adopted their division into Protomalayen and Deuteromalayen1. The former preserved the typical lifestyle of cannibal head-hunters in New Guinea, painters of roentgen drawings in caves of Austronesia and boomerang makers in eastern Australia. Their origin is not clear but they may be associated with the culture of rough microblades that arrived in India about 70,000 BP. Their ethnicity may be identified with hunters from the darker backward tribes Urali and the group Veddah in Sri Lanka. They lived in caves over cold winters but in summer they resorted to tree-dwellings. The Deutero-Malays were not their direct descendants since they departed from Central Asia about 11,000 BC. Their stock includes Dravidians, Tamils, Khmers, Mons and Dayaks, who cultivated civilised techniques of fishing, knapping microliths, grinding by grindstones and milling by querns. In the Neolithic they added producing dark grey polished pottery and grazing herds of goats. The Dravidian Tamils arrived from the west and belonged to another plantation. Their chief god was Shiva sculpted by stone plastics in the position of the Turkish sit. Archaeologists map their spread in sites of the Grey Burnished Ware (11,000 BC) reaching as far as the Malay Peninsula.

Robert Heine-Geldern’s distinction between Proto-Malays and Deutero-Malays should be transplanted on the opposition of Proto-Turcoids (R*-M173), Deutero-Turcoids (R1a, R1b) and Trito-Turcoids (R2-M124). The Proto-Turcoids produced wooden boomerang-like throwing knives and drew roentgen drawings because they confessed Etruscan hepatomancy and iatromancy divination. Their shamans resembled Etruscan haruspices in prophesying from animal livers and other entrails. Further colonisation waves started travels from the Trans-Caspian heartland, too. Their northern branches separated as the Y haplogroup R1a-M420 of the Maglemosian bog people and reindeer hunters. They abandoned caves and built either pyramidal tents surrounded by a veneering of stone slates and later rectangular wooden log-cabins. Their due projections into funeral architecture led to Polish Cist-Graves cultures of Epi-Swiderian provenience remarkable for slate lining or Timber-Grave cultures spread north along the Ural. Their Neolithic descendants manufactured plant-tempered pottery with beet-like pointed-base bottoms. Its geographic distribution spanned from Belgium to the Afanasievo culture near Lake Baikal in Siberia. Transient stations on their travels were the Dnieper-Donets and Bug-Dniester culture in the Ukraine, the Swiderian in Poland, the Ertebølle complex in Denmark and the Roucedour culture in Southwest France. Their ethnic identity is determined by the terms Teutons, Teutonids or Cimbroids.

Extract from Pavel Bělíček: The Synthetic Classification of Human Phenotypes and Varieties. Prague 2019, pp. 79-84